Kendall O'Brien¹ and Jonathan Swink^2
1Cardiology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, United States, ²Anesthesia, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, United States

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Duan Xu^1,2
1Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, ²Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, UCSF/UC Berkeley, San Francisco and Berkeley, CA, United States

This educational session will introduce technologies for brain imaging of pediatric subjects.  A brief overview of key differences between the developing brain and adult brain will be discussed.  The presentation will be focused on the variety of neuroimaging sequences, anatomical and functional, and post-processing techniques for improved characterization of the maturing brain.  Translational studies will also be presented to highlight the importance of advancing pediatric brain imaging not only in research but also in clinical care, and further identify the area of needs to spur interests from the audience.

Michael Lustig^1
1UC Berkeley

Shreyas Vasanawala

MRI is an outstanding modality for pediatric body imaging, and offers the prime advantage of lack of ionizing radiation.  However, it is often under-utilized due to challenges with patient cooperation and reliable image quality.  Many of these issues stem from motion artifacts and bloated protocols.  This presentation will cover common imaging indications in the extremities, pelvis, abdomen, and chest, providing streamlined protocols for each.    Several methods for rapid musculoskeletal imaging will be reviewed.  These include targeted protocols and higher-dimensional acquisitions.  An approach to abdominal and pelvic MRI will be presented that uses only a couple of sequences to obtain T2-weighted and post-contrast T1 weighted scans.  Tradeoffs between various methods of T2 weighted imaging will be reviewed.  Further, for MRA and MR venography of the torso, streamlined protocols will be presented that are well-suited to sedated children.  Contrast-enhanced imaging techniques that minimize motion will be presented.

Vivek Muthurangu

Paediatric cardiac disease is often complex, requiring comprehensive anatomical and hemodynamic assessment. C Paediatric cardiac disease is often complex, requiring comprehensive anatomical and hemodynamic assessment. Cardiac MRI offers a reference standard method of assessing the cardiovascular system. However, conventional cardiac MRI can be difficult to perform on children due to poor patient compliance. Therefore, accelerated real-time imaging techniques are increasingly used. These will be discussed with particular reference to studies that have demonstrated proven benefit in the pediatric population.