Huiru Li¹, Jing Yang¹, Huawei Zhang¹, Li Yin², Qiyong Gong^1,3, and Zhiyun Jia^1,4
1Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, ²Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, ³Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), Chengdu, China, ⁴Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, Chengdu, China

In this study, we explore suicidal brain of depression from the level of network connection to capture the complex connectivity alterations of gray matter networks that support higher cognitive and affective processes. We constructed single-subject morphological brain gray matter networks and small-world parameters (C_p, L_p, γ, λ and σ), network efficiency parameters (E_loc and E_glob) and nodal properties (nodal degree, efficiency and centrality). We found decreased σ/E_glob and increased L_p/λ in SU compared to PC and HC. In summary, suicidality involves complex neocortical network organization and showed a weaker integration compared PC and HC.

Barbara Hrast¹, Gašper Zupan^1,2, Andrej Vovk¹, and Dušan Šuput^1
1Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, ²Institute of Radiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

This study investigated the association between alterations in cerebral morphology and neuroticism. Grey matter thickness, cortical area, and volume were calculated in 110 healthy right-handed subjects and correlations with neuroticism scores performed. Negative correlations between neuroticism and cortical area/volume and positive correlations between neuroticism and grey matter thickness were found in occipitotemporal regions. The importance of the ventral visual pathway in emotion processing has been highlighted by structural changes in the occipital and temporal lobe. Alterations in the prefrontal cortex also show the importance emotional control plays in neuroticism. This study provided an additional explanation of structural alterations in neuroticism.

Akiko Uematsu^1,2, Hidenori Yamasue³, Kiyoto Kasai⁴, and Shinsuke Koike^4,5
1Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, ²RIKEN CBS, Saitama, Japan, ³Departmentof Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan, ⁴The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, ⁵Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

In this study, we examined structural brain deterioration in the course of schizophrenia with multi aspects by utilizing a variety of information derived from multi-contrast MRI data. Our findings suggested superior temporal gyrus is the key to understand the onset mechanism of Schizophrenia.

Wataru Uchida^1,2, Koji Kamagata¹, Eiji Kirino^3,4, Christina Andica¹, Yuya Saito^1,2, Akifumi Hagiwara¹, Toshiaki Akashi¹, Akihiko Wada¹, Syo Murata¹, Masaaki Hori⁵, and Shigeki Aoki^1
1Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, ²Radiological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan, ³Psychiatry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, ⁴Radiology, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan, ⁵Radiology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan

We investigated the differences in white matter pathology between children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing children using single-tensor diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and bi-tensor free-water (FW) imaging. Tract-based spatial statistics analysis demonstrated significantly increased FW volume fraction in children with ASD compared with that in typically developing children. Increased FW volume fraction may reflect neuroinflammation in children with ASD as a result of inflammatory cytokine accumulation in the white matter. Furthermore, we showed that FW imaging is more sensitive and specific than single-tensor DTI in the evaluation of white matter in children with ASD.

Guan-Jie Wang¹, Chun-Ming Chen², and Shin-Lei Peng^1
1Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ²Department of Radiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan

Although the unfavourable effects of cigarette smoking on the brain have been demonstrated in current smokers, it is unclear whether the neurotoxic effects of smoking on the brain are permanent or reversible after smoking cessation. Our results showed that ex-smokers had a decreased CBF when compared to never-smokers, especially in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). The present findings may explain in part the frequently reported cognitive dysfunctions in ex-smokers. However, the affected brain region was less extensive than the previous studies which compared current smokers and never smokers, suggesting the potential to partially recover from smoking-related CBF deficit.

Faye McKenna¹, Yu Veronica Sui¹, Hillary Bertisch², Donald Goff³, and Mariana Lazar^1
1Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States, ²Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States, ³Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States

Widespread progressive cortical thinning is a long-standing finding in Psychotic Spectrum Disorders (PSD). While previous histological studies have documented an array of microstructural deficits in the thinning cortex in PSD few techniques have been available to examine these microstructural changes in vivo. We employed the diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) technique alongside the classical T1-weighted measure of cortical thickness to describe microstructural changes in the PSD cortex over the first 10 years of the illness. We found, for the first time, that DKI metrics of tissue complexity were significantly positively related to PSD illness progression in the cortex.

Man Teng Cheok¹, Vincent Chin-Hung Chen^2,3, Yuan-Hsiung Tsai⁴, and Jun-Cheng Weng^1,3,5
1Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ²School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ³Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, ⁴Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, ⁵Medical Imaging Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan

Over 300 million people are suffering from various degrees of depression worldwide. The level of depression severity is a significant risk factor for suicidal behavior. In this study, we used generalized q-sampling imaging (GQI) integrating with clinical diagnostic scale in the suicidal ideation and non-suicidal ideation depressive patients. The multiple regression was performed to identify the association between the GQI indices and the clinical scales. Our results indicated that the demyelination of precuneus may relate to the suicidal ideation in depressive patients.

Silvina G Horovitz¹, Jacob Parker¹, Patrick Bedard¹, Carine Maurer^1,2, and Mark Hallett^1
1MNB - HMCS, NINDS - NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States, ²School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States

Functional movement disorders (FMD) patients have an overactive limbic system and an abnormal sense of self-agency. Using diffusion data on a population of 44 (FMD) patients and 44 matched controls, we identified structural anomalies in motor and limbic related areas. ‘Stronger’ (higher FA) limbic white matter reinforces the idea of enhanced limbic effects. Less integrity (higher trace) in areas of the motor system might contribute to the lack of agency.

Ariana Cahn¹, Wayne Su¹, Trisha Chakrabarty¹, Kamyar Keramatian¹, and Lakshmi Yatham^1
1Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

A long disease course of Bipolar I Disorder (BD-I) brings not only with it mood episodes and cognitive impairments, but a progressive change in grey matter morphology. To ascertain how mood episode variables such as type, amount and duration might have an effect on cortical thickness, we conducted a preliminary study in 32 patients from a larger longitudinal study. We found a negative correlation between right parietal lobe thickness and amount of depressive episodes between years 1 and 3 of the disease. These data suggest that early disease course morphological changes may be affected by presence of multiple depressive episodes.

Lei Wang¹, Long Jin¹, Yarong Wang², and Menghui Yuan^1
1Nuclear Medicine, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China, ²Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

Integrated PET/MR platform was used to observe the functional and metabolic effective connectivity (FC, MEC) patterns between 4 default mode network nodes for premature ejaculation patients, at resting-state and after-ejaculation-state. Significant increased FC between medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and decreased metabolic in PCC were found, after ejaculation. MEC pathways were not the same in different state, but the strength differences of MEC were not significant. There was significant positive correlation between intravaginal ejaculation latency time and the resting-state metabolism in PCC, controlling age factor. These findings gave new thoughts of PE diagnosis and treatment.

Shukti Ramkiran^1,2,3, Ravichandran Rajkumar^1,2,3, N. Jon Shah^1,3,4,5, and Irene Neuner^1,2,3
1Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 4 (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Juelich, Juelich, Germany, ²Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, ³JARA – BRAIN – Translational Medicine, Juelich, Germany, ⁴Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, ⁵Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 11 (INM-11), JARA, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Juelich, Germany

Analysis of dynamic functional connectivity enables identification of spatio-temporal variations in functional connectivity. This is useful in identifying transient states of abnormalities in various brain disorders. Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by multiple motor and at least one vocal or phonic tic. We identified eight distinct states in TS patients and healthy controls (HC) using spectral clustering. Our results show preferential state dominance and increased inter-state variability in TS patients as compared to healthy controls.

Harald Kugel¹, Pascal Grumbach², Nils Opel², Susanne Meinert², Elisabeth J Leehr², Ronny Redlich², Verena Enneking², Janik Goltermann², Bernhard T Baune^2,3, Udo Dannlowski², and Jonathan Repple^2
1Institute of Clinical Radiology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany, ²Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany, ³Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

This cross-sectional study showed that real-world differences in sleep duration but not subjective sleep quality are related to cognitive performance measures and - as indicated by fractional anisotropy measures in the SLF - white matter integrity in healthy, young adults, suggesting a detrimental effect of shorter sleep duration on brain structure and function.

Antonia Kaiser¹, Anouk Schrantee¹, Ramon Lindauer², Marco Bottelier³, Paul J. Lucassen⁴, and Liesbeth Reneman^1
1Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, ²Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, ³Department of Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, GGZ Noord-Holland Noord, Triversum, Alkmaar, Netherlands, ⁴Brain Plasticity group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

We previously used pharmacological MRI (phMRI) to demonstrate that four months of methylphenidate treatment alters dopamine function after washout in medication-naïve children, but not adults, with ADHD. Here, we show in the same children at a 4-5 year follow-up, that the baseline phMRI response in the thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex predicts ADHD severity (hyperactivity scale). However, this association was not moderated by cumulative medication dose. Moreover, no association between phMRI response and symptom severity was found in adults. 

Yingxue Gao¹, Xuan Bu¹, Kaili Liang¹, Hailong Li¹, Lianqing Zhang¹, Lu Lu¹, Shi Tang¹, Yanlin Wang¹, Xinyu Hu¹, and Xiaoqi Huang^1
1Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China, Chengdu, China

We used seed-based analysis and independent component analysis to investigate functional connectivity among five resting-sate networks including the default mode network (DMN), central executive network (CEN), salience network (SN) sensorimotor network (SMN) and affective network (AN) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Hyperconnectivity was found both within and between these networks. Our findings highlight the “hub” role of the DMN and the CEN among all these functional networks in the mechanism of network dysfunction in ADHD children.

Kathryn Broadhouse¹, Amanda Boyes¹, Larisa McLoughlin¹, Marcella Parker¹, Denise Beaudequin¹, Gabrielle Simcock¹, Jim Lagopoulos¹, and Daniel Hermens^1
1University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Australia

Mapping structural trajectories across adolescence provides valuable insights into the “typical” pathway as well as the developmental emergence of mental illness during this dynamic period. Here we present preliminary findings investigating the relationship between the subcortical structures, hippocampus and amygdala (sub-structures known to play important roles in fear pathways and higher order executive functions) and psychological distress measures from the first two time-points in the Longitudinal Adolescent Brain Study. By determining the neuronal changes that present with the psychological symptoms of mental illness, potential efficacious, targeted interventions become a possibility.

Kathryn Broadhouse¹, Amanda Boyes¹, Larisa McLoughlin¹, Marcella Parker¹, Denise Beaudequin¹, Gabrielle Simcock¹, Jim Lagopoulos¹, and Daniel Hermens^1
1University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Australia

By determining the neuro-functional changes that present with the psychological symptoms of mental illness, potential efficacious, targeted interventions become a possibility. Here we have shown that network dysfunction signatures present in several mental health disorders that underpin emotional regulation and social domain deficits are evident in 12-year-olds with increased psychological distress. Follow-up data from LABS mapping the functional connectome through adolescence and corresponding cognitive and psychological scores will provide valuable insight into the specific neuronal signatures and subsequent divergence pathways that underpin mental health and mental illness.

Mario Serrano-Sosa¹, Chuan Huang^1,2,3, Christine DeLorenzo^1,2, and Kenneth Gadow^2
1Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States, ²Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States, ³Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States

This is the first study to investigate connectivity in a cohort of High Functioning Autism (HFA) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) subjects with comorbid autism. Using DSI studio for connectometry analysis, we investigated the relationship between Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) scores and Spin Distribution Function (SDF) values derived from diffusion MRI images. Tractography based analysis showed corpus callosum, longitudinal fasciculus and corticothalamic pathways to have increased connectivity relating to SRS scores (FDR=0.011). Post hoc analysis showed trend-level partial correlation between SRS and SDF while controlling for IQ scores (p=0.056, r=0.480).

John Port¹, Balwinder Singh², and Mark A Frye^2
1Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States, ²Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States

We have developed a method of optimally frequency/phase adjusting individual FIDS of an MRS acquisition such that patient motion and scanner artifacts can be eliminated from long MRS acquisitions.  This method uses MRS peak symmetry in order to optimally phase the Cho and Cr peaks acquired using a frequency-locked MEGA-PRESS sequence. We tested our method subjects receiving an IV ketamine infusion for MDD and noticed dramatic changes in GABA and Glx levels in one subject. Our method allows for dynamic MRS studies that can measure neurotransmitter changes over time.

Pallab K Bhattacharyya^1,2, Murat Altinay³, Xuemei Huang¹, Mark Lowe¹, and Amit Anand^3
1Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States, ²Radiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, CLEVELAND, OH, United States, ³Neurogolical Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States

Abnormalities of resting state functional connectivity of several networks have been implicated in the pathology of major depressive disorder. Modulations of functional connectivity of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the site of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for patients inadequately responsive to medication, with four patho-physiologically relevant nodes were studied following rTMS therapy. While the group (N=6) showed improvement in depression following the therapy, only connectivity of left  DLPFC with bilateral inferior parietal lobule changed its course – no such change was apparent in connectivity with bilateral anterior cingulate, anterior insula and middle temporal gyrus.

Michal Povazan^1,2, Manoj Doss^3,4, Alan K Davis^3,4,5, Matthew W Johnson^3,4, Roland R Griffits^3,4,6, Peter B Barker^1,2, and Frederick S Barrett^3,4
1Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, ²F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States, ³Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, ⁴Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, ⁵College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States, ⁶Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States

Recent studies have shown that the administration of psilocybin may reduce depression severity. A role of glutamate was hypothesized in the antidepressant efficacy, however the exact neurobiological mechanisms remain unknown. Proton MR spectroscopy enables a valuable insight into glutamatergic metabolism and provides information about other important neuronal markers such as N-acetylaspartate.   Here, we have utilized STEAM MR spectroscopy at 7T to observe the changes of cortical metabolites after psilocybin administration in patients with major depressive disorder. Two high dose sessions of psilocybin decreased glutamate and NAA levels of the anterior cingulate in the cohort.

Jianli Wang¹, Lauren Spreen², Xiaoyu Wang¹, Christopher Freet³, Jeffrey Vesek², Fauzia Mahr³, Lydia Petrovic-Dovat³, and Scott Bunce^3
1Radiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States, ²Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States, ³Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States

There is growing evidence for the contribution of neurocircuitry regulating emotion, as well as appetite and body weight, in the etiology of anorexia nervosa (AN).  The high prevalence of anxiety disorders in AN implicates a critical node in the neurocircuitry of anxiety. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) modulates not only responses to anxiogenic (versus fear) situations, but mediates anxious temperament and feeding as well, through efferent connections to the lateral hypothalamus. In this study, we sought to identify if there is significant functional and structural changes of BNST in AN related to food.

Zaheer Abbas¹, Syed Hammad Akhter¹, Dominik Ridder¹, and N. Jon Shah^1,2,3
1Medical Imaging Physics, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, Jülich, Germany, ²Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 11, INM 11, JARA, Jülich, Germany, ³Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Aachen, Germany

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by severe weight loss due to a fear of gaining weight and obsessions relating to body shape. AN is a psychiatric illness, and although psychiatric co-morbidity in AN has already been extensively studied, the extent to which it can affect mortality is unclear. In this work, a quantitative and volumetric study to monitor the disease-related integrity of the brain tissue in a cohort of AN patients and healthy controls was performed. The preliminary results suggest that psychological treatment may be useful in terms of brain tissue integrity, even after only three months.

Naomi R. Driesen^1,2, Peter Herman³, Margaret Rowland^1,2, Maolin Qiu³, George He⁴, Peter T. Morgan¹, Andrea Diaz-Stansky¹, Sarah Fineberg¹, Daniel Barron¹, Lars Helgeson⁵, Robert Chow⁵, Ralitza Gueorguieva⁶, Teo-Carlo Straun⁷, John H. Krystal^1,2, and Fahmeed Hyder^3,8
1Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States, ²VA Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven, CT, United States, ³Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States, ⁴Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States, ⁵Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States, ⁶Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States, ⁷Straun Health and Wellness, New Haven, CT, United States, ⁸Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States

We compared the effect of subanesthetic infusion of the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine on metabolic activity to a similar volume of saline infusion in healthy volunteers. Since BOLD fMRI depends on neurovascular-neurometabolic couplings which can be confounded by pharmacological agents, we measured transverse relaxation rates (R₂, R₂*) and blood flow (CBF) to calculate oxidative metabolism (CMR_O2) with calibrated fMRI.  We found CBF and CMR_O2 increased with ketamine infusion in nearly all Brodmann areas of the cortex. The CMR_O2 increase was significant in prefrontal  (0.16±0.06, p=0.026) and visual cortex (0.22±0.07, p=0.01), but not in sensorimotor cortex (0.17±0.14, p=0.258).

Suwit Saekho¹, Artit Rodkong², Diana E Peragine³, Malvina N Skorska³, Pongpun Saokhieo⁴, Taweewat Supintham⁴, Oranicha Kaewthip⁴, Kittichai Wantanajittikul¹, Suwat Chariyalertsak⁴, and Doug P VanderLaan^3
1Radiologic Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, ²Radiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, ³Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada, ⁴Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

This study investigated brain bases of sexual and gender diversity. Heterosexual men and women, gay men, and transgender women underwent structural MRI. Regional volumes and cortical thickness were examined. Heterosexual sex differences were replicated. Men had greater gray and white matter volumes and women had thicker cortices. Overall, transgender women had a brain pattern that more closely reflected that of heterosexual women, whereas gay men were more similar to heterosexual men. Yet, transgender women also showed some volume and cortical thickness similarities to heterosexual men. These findings help identify brain regions related to gender identity.

Jurgen Germann¹, Gavin JB Elias¹, Clemens Neudorfer¹, Alexandre Boutet¹, Clement T Chow¹, Peter Giacobbe², Se Jo Kim³, Hyun Ho Jung³, Walter Kucharczyk¹, Jin Woo Chang⁴, and Andres M Lozano^1
1University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, ²Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada, ³Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea, ⁴Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Neuromodulatory interventions have shown promise in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). However, the nature of the aberrants circuits that cause the disease as well as the network changes that are the basis of improvement following treatment are not well understood. Here we analyzed OCD patients treated with either MRI-guided focused ultrasound capsulotomy or deep brain stimulation targeting the inferior thalamic peduncle. Using neuroimaging analysis and modeling techniques we found that a fronto-limbic network (DLPFC, dorsal ACC, and amygdala) predicts individual improvement across groups. These results provide new insight into OCD and how to possibly refine neuromodulatory therapies.

Lingxiao Cao¹, Hailong Li¹, Xinyu Hu¹, Jing Liu¹, Yingxue Gao¹, Xuan Bu¹, Lianqing Zhang¹, Lu Lu¹, Shi Tang¹, Yanlin Wang¹, Xinyue Hu¹, Qiyong Gong¹, and Xiaoqi Huang^1
1Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

Using seed based FC analysis, we investigated alterations in functional connectivity of amygdala subregions in OCD. Our findings (ⅰ) indicated OCD patients, relative to HC, have anomalous amygdala resting state network connections to brain regions that play a pivotal role in emotional processing; (ⅱ) identified CM/Astr-PCG hyperconnectivity and CM-cuneus hyperconnectivity, which were not detected when using the whole amygdala as a seed; (ⅲ) demonstrated FC measures of significant regions were correlated with illness duration and symptom severity. Besides, we found that functional aberrations were accompanied with anatomical changes in OCD. These findings may contribute to revealing the pathophysiology underlying OCD.

Fei Li^1,2, Lekai Luo^1,2, Qian Li^1,2, Wanfang You^1,2, and Qiyong Gong^1,2
1Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, ²Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

Dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) analyses were used to compare the intrinsic brain functional network dynamics in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia (SZ), by using resting-state functional MRI (rfMRI). We found that patients with OCD and SZ showed distinct disorder-specific alternations of brain dynamics and the higher fractional time in state 2 may indicate the more anxiety ratings in OCD patients.

Jeffrey A. Stanley¹, Asadur Chowdury², Dalal Khatib², Phillip Easter², David R. Rosenberg², and Vaibhav A. Diwadkar^2
1Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States, ²Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States

Loss of the E/I balance of the dACC in OCD was assessed using a combination of a) motor control tasks with distinct excitatory and inhibitory modes of responding, and b) ¹H fMRS to quantify evoked glutamate changes. Basal (task-independent) glutamate levels were comparable to healthy controls, as were levels during excitatory modes of responding. However, the inhibitory mode of responding induced a specific deficit in the degree of dACC glutamate modulation in OCD patients. In surmounting shortcomings of fMRI, ¹H fMRS successfully identified loss of excitation in the E/I balance of the dACC during specific phases of motor control.

Jing Liu¹, Yingxue Gao¹, Hailong Li¹, Xuan Bu¹, Lingxiao Cao¹, Lianqing Zhang¹, Suming Zhang¹, Xinyu Hu¹, and Xiaoqi Huang^1
1Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China, Chengdu, China

In current study, we use static and dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation / fractional low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF/fALFF) to assess the local brain activity on patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We found that both static and dynamic ALFF/fALFF can detect certain cerebral region with abnormal activity, however, dynamic ALFF/fALFF can demonstrate additional brain regions that are ignored by static ALFF/fALFF. In addition, we found that there is significant correlation between cerebellum activity and clinical scale, which suggested the crucial role of cerebellum in the pathophysiology of OCD.

Junhong Liu¹, Xiaoming Li¹, Kaiyu Wang², and Jingliang Cheng^1
1The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, ²GE Healthcare, MR Research China, Beijing, China

Compared with task-activation studies, dynamics are potentially even more prominent during resting-state, when mental activity is unconstrained. To assess whole-brain dynamic functional connectivity of first-episode and treatment-naive patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), we used a series of methods including independent component analysis, sliding windows and k-means clustering. Our results indicated that OCD groups displayed more transitions between different states than healthy controls. This change was positively correlated with clinical scale scores, potentially contributing to better understanding of the dynamic neural mechanism of OCD.

Junhong Liu¹ and Jingliang Cheng^1
1The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

So far, there is no consensus on the cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder（OCD）. We used a data-driven method, independent component analysis (ICA), to study the change of whole brain resting-state functional connectivity of first-episode and treatment-naïve patients with OCD. Three abnormal resting-state networks, posterior default-mode network, right frontoparietal network and lateral visual network, have been found in patients. In addition, patients showed increased functional connection in bilateral cuneus, right inferior parietal lobule and right middle occipital lobule compared with controls. It’s considered that changes of abnormal resting-state networks might reveal the possible neural mechanism of OCD.

Shin-Eui Park¹, Gwang-Woo Jeong², and Chulhyun Lee^1
1Center for research equipment, Korea Basic Science Institue, Cheongju, Republic of Korea, ²Department of Radiology, Medical school, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea

For verifying how the OCD symptom affects to abnormal functional activity and connectivity at Cd during memory processing, and whether leading to brain volume changes in direct or indirect, we performed multi study combined with fMRI and VBM study. Twenty OCD patients and 20 controls took part in VBM and fMRI studies with explicit memory task. The functional and morphological profiles of Cd could be emphasized to abnormal processing of explicit memory by OCD symptoms. It puts forward a possibility that focal functional connectivity and brain volume changes may be affected by lasting OCD symptoms, and leading to memory dysfunction.

JiaYing Gong^1,2, Junjing Wang³, Shaojuan Qiu¹, Long Qian⁴, Li Huang¹, and Ying Wang^1
1Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, ²Department of Radiology, Six Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, ³Department of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China, ⁴MR Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing, China

This is the largest voxel-based meta-analysis conducted to date of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) studies in major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). MDD and BD show a common pattern of aberrant regional intrinsic brain activity which predominantly includes the insula, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and cerebellum. These results expand on a growing literature exploring resting-state activity in MDD and BD, which provide useful insights for understanding the underlying pathophysiology of brain dysfunction in affective disorders, and developing more targeted and efficacious treatment and intervention strategies.

Lianqing Zhang¹, Xinyu Hu¹, Lu Lu¹, Xuan Bu¹, Yingxue Gao¹, Shi Tang¹, Kaili Liang¹, Lingxiao Cao¹, Yanlin Wang¹, Xinyue Hu¹, Jing Liu¹, Qiyong Gong¹, and Xiaoqi Huang^1
1Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

Smaller hippocampus is a consistent finding in studies of major depressive disorder (MDD), and subfield-level anatomic analyses could provide new insights to the role of hippocampal deficit in MDD. In the current study, we recruited a relatively large sample of MDD patients and demonstrated that (1) “core structures” including CA and dentate gyrus are more anatomically involved in MDD than other structures in hippocampus; (2) hippocampal tail might be important in MDD, but the relationship between hippocampal tail and MDD could be complex; (3) smaller hippocampus could contribute to memory deficit in MDD patients by failure in long-term memory formation.

Xiaopei Xu¹ and Lanying Liu^2
1Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China, ²Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China

To better understand the underlying mechanisms for emotional disturbances in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), we used structural brain connectivity analysis to investigate the differences in global and local network organization of MDD and healthy controls. Our results demonstrated that both global and local efficiency of patients with MDD were significantly decreased due to depressive symptoms, and that higher depression severity, anxiety somatization and cognitive disturbance were significantly associated with decreased network efficiency. These results indicated that brain network analysis is a useful tool to link psychological disorders with their underlying anatomical substrate.

Pallab K Bhattacharyya^1,2, Murat Altinay³, Xuemei Huang¹, Jian Lin¹, Mark Lowe¹, and Amit Anand^3
1Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States, ²Radiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, CLEVELAND, OH, United States, ³Neurogolical Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States

Six subjects with treatment resistant major depressive disorder (MDD) were scanned with resting state functional connectivity (rsfMRI)and GABA/Glx editing protocol. rsFMRI between left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) and left anterior insula (lAI), two nodes of physiological importance in MDD, inversely correlated with Glx at DLPFC. No such association was observed between rsfMRI and GABA. lDLPFC-lAI rsfMRI, lDLPFC GABA or Glx levels did not correlate with disease severity. The results suggest a collective role of lDLPFC and lAI in MDD via a glutamatergic mechanism.

Joana R. A. Loureiro¹, Ashish K. Sahib¹, Megha Vasavada¹, Antoni Kubicki¹, Shantanu Joshi¹, Benjamin Wade¹, Amber Leaver², Roger Woods¹, Randall Espinoza³, and Katherine Narr^1
1Neurology, Ahamason-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ²Radiology, Center for Translational Imaging, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, ³Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States

Treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) target communication between large-scale cortical networks and the cerebellum to improve cognitive control [2]. Here, we examined how repeated-ketamine perturbs cerebro-cerebellar circuitry during response-inhibition using a NoGo/Go task (43 MDD-patients receiving ketamine, 31 controls). We implemented a psychophysiological-interaction analysis to investigate ketamine-related changes in connectivity between cerebellum-regions and cortical-networks and respective nodes. Results showed significant decreases in connectivity between a cerebellum-dorsal-attention region and the default-network. A time-by-response interaction for the somatomotor-network was observed in treatment-responders only. Results support ketamine modulates cerebello-cerebro circuitry, which may be of impact for identifying new biomarkers of MDD response.

Ashish Kaul Sahib¹, Joana Loureiro¹, Megha Vasavada¹, Antoni Kubicki¹, Shantanu H Joshi¹, Kai Wang², Roger P Woods¹, Eliza Congdon¹, Danny J.J. Wang², Michael Boucher¹, Randall Espinoza¹, and Katherine L Narr^1
1UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ²University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States

Ketamine infusion therapy is now well-replicated to produce fast-acting antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).  However, brain systems-level hemodynamic changes in response to single and repeated ketamine treatment remain uncharacterized. Using advanced MB pCASL MRI we examined CBF changes occurring with single and repeated ketamine treatment. Initial changes in blood flow were observed in the posterior cingulate and precuneus and primary and higher order visual areas. However, repeated exposure to ketamine engaged deeper limbic structures and the insula. Findings demonstrate that ketamine treatment perturbs distinct functional networks including sensory and limbic regions