Hyejin Jeong¹, Hye Jung Cho², So-Yeon Shim³, and Chan-A Park^4
1Neuroscience Convergence Center, Institute of Green Manufacturing Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, ²Department of Pediatrics, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea, Republic of, ³Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, ⁴Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Gachon University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of

Children born preterm are at a significant risk of neurodevelopmental impairment. Alterations of functional connectivity in higher-order association cortices after preterm birth might reflect cognitive or behavior problems in school-aged children born preterm. Our results will help understanding the pathophysiology of cognitive and behavior development in children born preterm without apparent brain injury or major neurodevelopmental impairment.

Rachelle A. Ho¹, Saurabh B Shaw², Nicholas A Bock¹, Carol DeMatteo³, Michael D Noseworthy⁴, and Geoffrey Hall^1
1Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, ²Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, ³School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, ⁴Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Our study evaluated the dynamic functional connectivity of adolescents with concussion in comparison to healthy controls using (1) sliding window ROI-to-ROI and (2) sliding window graph theory analyses. Adolescents with concussion exhibited higher between-network connectivity between the salience network and central executive network, but reduced between-network connectivity between the default mode network to both the salience and executive networks. This suggests lower default mode network integration and engagement during rest following concussion in adolescents.

Abi Fukami - Gartner^1,2, Ana A. Baburamani¹, Ralica Dimitrova^1,3, Prachi A. Patkee¹, Olatz Ojinaga - Alfageme^1,4, Alexandra F. Bonthrone¹, Alena Uus^1,5, Emer Hughes¹, Maria Deprez^1,5, Serena J. Counsell¹, Joseph V. Hajnal^1,5, A. David Edwards^1,2, Jonathan O’Muircheartaigh^1,2, and Mary A. Rutherford^1,2
1Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ²MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ³Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ⁴Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom, ⁵Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

There are relatively few early neuroimaging studies of Down syndrome (DS), despite being the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability, with characteristics present from birth. The aim of this study was to conduct a group-level analysis of volumetric differences across multiple brain regions in neonates with DS (n = 20) using individual z-scores extracted from robust normative modelling of typically developing neonatal controls (TDC; n = 493). In addition to well-documented cerebellar hypoplasia, here we have identified that neonates with DS have markedly reduced volumes in the cingulate, frontal, insular and occipital WM segments compared to TDC.

JyhWen Chai^1,2, Yung-Chien Chang^1,3, Kuan-Jung Pan⁴, Mu-Chih Chung⁵, Hsian-Min Chen⁴, and Feng-Mao Chiu^6
1Department of Radiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ²College of Medicine, National Chung Hsin University, Taichung, Taiwan, ³Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsin University, Taichung, Taiwan, ⁴Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ⁵Section of Nephrology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ⁶Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

Delayed graft function (DGF) is a form of acute renal failure that results in post-transplantation oliguria, with various frequencies from 2% to 50%. Heretofore, there was a lack of imaging biomarkers to interpolate the DGF. The tri-exponential intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model, providing three distinct signal fractions of a pure diffusion, an intermediate and an ultrafast component, is more preferable for the diffusion signal in the allograft kidneys than the mono- and bi-exponential models. Our experiment illustrates that tri-exponential IVIM model could provide a good indicator for distinguishing the early graft function, the delayed graft function without and with complications.

Agnieszka Sierhej¹, Alan Bainbridge², Giles Kendall³, Magdalena Sokolska², Kelly Pegoretti-Baruteau³, Janet Rennie³, Sean R Mathieson⁴, Nicola J Robertson⁵, Geraldine Boylan⁴, and Subhabrata Mitra^5
1University College London, London, United Kingdom, ²Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom, ³Neonatal Unit, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom, ⁴INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, ⁵Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Neonatal seizures are common following neonatal encephalopathy and have the potential for themselves to cause further brain injury.  Data were collected from 55 term neonates who underwent therapeutic hypothermia following neonatal encephalopathy.  25 developed seizures.  Magnetic resonance Spectroscopy showed that in the seizure group, lactate was increased and Naa and Choline were decreased.  Lower tNaa in neonates with seizures likely indicates further neuronal injury and may explain seizure induced neurological deficits

Alexandra F Bonthrone¹, Andrew Chew¹, Megan Ní Bhroin^1,2, Christopher J Kelly¹, Daan Christiaens^1,3, Maximilian Pietsch^1,4, J-Donald Tournier¹, Lucilio Cordero-Grande^1,5, Joseph V Hajnal^1,6, Kuberan Pushparajah^6,7, John Simpson⁷, A David Edwards¹, Mary A Rutherford¹, Chiara Nosarti^1,8, Dafnis Batalle^1,4, and Serena J Counsell^1
1Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ²Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems Group, Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, ³Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT/PSI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, ⁴Department for Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ⁵Biomedical Image Technologies, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid & CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain, ⁶Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ⁷Paediatric Cardiology Department, Evelina London Children's Healthcare, London, United Kingdom, ⁸Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

Infants with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) are at increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairments. Forty-three neonates with CHD underwent multi-shell high angular resolution diffusion MRI (HARDI) on a 3T scanner before surgery. At 22 months parents completed a questionnaire characterising internalizing and externalizing behaviours. Network-based statistics were used to characterise the relationship between internalizing and externalizing symptoms and structural connectivity. Reduced neonatal structural connectivity in fronto-limbic regions before surgery was associated with increased externalizing symptomatology in toddlers with CHD.

Daniel Cromb^1,2, Alexandra F Bonthrone¹, Christopher Kelly¹, Paul Cawley^1,2, Kuberan Pushparajah^3,4, Mary Rutherford¹, John Simpson^3,4, A. David Edwards^1,2, and Serena Counsell^1
1Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ²Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom, ³Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ⁴Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom

Reduced cerebral oxygen delivery (CDO₂) in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) is associated with abnormal brain development. We investigated how cerebral blood flow, haemoglobin, and oxygen saturations, which all contribute to CDO₂, change following surgery in a cohort of 24 infants with CHD. There was no significant change in CDO₂ after surgery (P = 0.62). However, both cerebral blood flow (P < 0.001) and pre-ductal oxygen saturations (P = 0.008) improved significantly, whilst haemoglobin dropped significantly (P < 0.001). Consistent with previous reports, the changes that occur in cerebral blood flow following surgery are dependent on the type of cardiac lesion. 

Vanessa Jean Schmithorst¹, Julia Wallace¹, Pablo Polosecki², Daryaneh Badaly³, Vincent Lee¹, Sue Beers¹, Pablo Meyer², Cecilia Lo¹, and Ashok Panigrahy^1
1University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, ²IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Ossining, NY, United States, ³Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, United States

We investigate the relation between congenital heart disease (CHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and olfaction in a cohort of children and young adults using fcMRI (Functional Connectivity Strength; FCS, and amygdala seed-based connectivity) and DTI (RD).  ASD severity was positively correlated with FCS in widespread regions, with amygdala connectivity to the DMN, and with RD in posterior parietal white matter; however, these relations were stronger in individuals with impaired olfaction scores and individuals with CHD.  The relation between impaired olfaction, CHD, and ASD may be the result of individuals with impaired olfaction and/or CHD having different brain structure-function relationships. 

Elizabeth Weisse¹, Yaqing Chen², Alvaro Gajardo Cataldo², Hans-Georg Müller², Changbo Zhu², Jonathan O’Muircheartaigh³, Maximilian Pietsch⁴, Sian Wilson⁴, Kristofer Bouchard^5,6, Sylvia Madhow^5,6, James Cole^7,8, Francesca Biondo^7,9, Viren D’Sa^10,11, Sean C. L. Deoni^11,12,13, and Muriel M.K. Bruchhage^1,11,14
1Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States, ²Department of Statistics, UC Davis, Davis, CA, United States, ³Department of Forensic & Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ⁴Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ⁵Scientific Data Division & Biological Systems and Engineering Division, LBNL, Berkeley, CA, United States, ⁶Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute & Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, ⁷Centre for Medical Image Computing, Computer Science, UCL, London, United Kingdom, ⁸Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom, ⁹Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, UCL, London, United Kingdom, ¹⁰Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States, ¹¹Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States, ¹²Brown's Advanced Baby Imaging Lab, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States, ¹³MRI Research, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States, ¹⁴Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway

The cerebellum is one of the earliest structures to develop prenatally and is documented to play an important role in motor development and, more recently, cognitive development. We investigated cerebellar development and its contribution to later overall (ELC), nonverbal (NVDQ) and verbal (VDQ) cognitive development from 22 weeks of gestation to 15 years of age. Total postnatal cerebellar volume significantly increased with ELC and VDQ but decreased with NVDQ, while prenatal cerebellar volume significantly increased with ELC with age. This could be indicative of the cerebellum’s contribution to overall cognitive development refining with development and age.

Daniel Cromb¹, Harriet Cullen¹, Christiaan De Leeuw², Madeleine Barnett¹, Jonathan O'Muircheartaigh¹, Serena Counsell¹, and A. David Edwards^1
1Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ²Faculty of Science, Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

In a cohort of 185 infants born preterm we used linked MR imaging, genomic and neurodevelopmental data, to identify a significant association between common genetic variation in the IGFBP7 gene and cortical grey matter volumes as assessed at term-corrected age (p = 0.0057), as well as motor outcomes as assessed at 18-24 months of age (p = 0.044).

Jaeuk Yi¹, Sewook Kim¹, Seul Lee¹, Mohammed A. Al-Masni¹, Sung-Min Gho², Young Hun Choi³, and Dong-Hyun Kim^1
1Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, ²Collaboration & Development, GE Healthcare, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, ³Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea, Republic of

Based on the observation that motion corruption and contrast pairs do not exist in a separable way in clinically obtained pediatric contrast-enhanced scans, we developed a neural network for both motion correction and optional non-contrast-enhanced image synthesis for contrast-enhanced pediatric brain MRI. We designed a neural network architecture and training schema specific to this task. We found that motion correction performance was not degraded by doing contrast synthesis simultaneously.

John O Glass¹, Jared J Sullivan¹, Yian Guo², Julie H Harreld¹, Yimei Li², Giles W Robinson³, Amar Gajjar³, Thomas E Merchant⁴, and Wilburn E Reddick^1
1Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States, ²Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States, ³Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States, ⁴Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States

This study reports on the effects of pediatric medulloblastoma therapy in a population of 105 subjects. Longitudinal white matter microstructure was studied starting with the post radiation examination until approximately two years after diagnosis. The tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) pipeline was used to combine fractional anisotropy (FA) with individual dosimetry maps before linear mixed effects models were calculated for each voxel. Significant voxels were found for increasing FA over time and a decrease of FA over time associated with higher radiation dose. These results are consistent with a recovery in FA that is attenuated by higher doses of radiation.