Xinyuan Zhang¹, Xiaofei Lv², Pu Xu¹, Yuhao Lin¹, Long Qian³, and Yanqiu Feng^1
1School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, ²Department of Medical Imaging, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China, ³MR Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing, China

We conducted a longitudinal study to explore the radiation-induced alterations of structural brain network for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) technique and graph theory. The dose-dependent effect was also investigated using Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient. The structural brain connectivity was found to be altered at both 0~3 (acute) and 6 months (early-delayed) after radiotherapy (RT) and showed a tendency of recovery at 12 months (late-delayed) after RT. Also, the change of nodal properties were related to the temporal dose. These findings provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanism of radiation-induced brain injuries.

Wenting Luo¹, Yue Zhang², Xiaoyan Hou², Menghan Feng¹, Chengwei Fu¹, Weicui Chen², Xian Liu², Zhaoxian Yan², Kan Deng³, Biyun Xu⁴, and Bo Liu^2
1The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China, ²Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China, ³Philips Healthcare, Guangzhou, China, ⁴Department of Sleep Disorder, Fangcun Branch, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

The individual response to treatment with the transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation ( taVNS ) in primary insomnia varies greatly, while there is lack of objective markers for patient’s treatment outcome. In this work, we demonstrated that the baseline functional connectivity combined with machine learning algorithms can predict response to treatment with taVNS in primary insomnia. The functional connectivity values within and between brain networks such as the default mode network, affective network, visual network, and cerebellar network maybe potential objective markers of patient’s treatment outcome.

Yumeng Lei¹, Dongsheng Zhang¹, Fei Qi¹, Jie Gao¹, Min Tang¹, Kai Ai², Xuejiao Yan¹, Xiaoyan Lei¹, Zhirong Shao³, Yu Su¹, and Xiaoling Zhang^1
1Department of MRI, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Xi'an, China, ³Xi'an Medical University, Xi’an, China

To investigate the specific neural substrate of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) -related cognitive impairment, independent component analysis (ICA) and functional network connection analysis (FNC) methods were applied to resting-state fMRI images from 44 patients with T2DM and 47 healthy controls (HCs). This study found the inherent neural mechanism between the dorsal attention network (DAN) and default mode network (DMN) was eliminated, and these abnormal changes were correlated with the scores of multiple neuropsychological assessments (P < 0.05), indicated that the abnormal changes of the DAN-DMN may be the neural basis of T2DM-related cognitive deficits.

Bing Liu^1,2, Linwei Zhang³, Wenwen Gao¹, Lei Du¹, Aocai Yang¹, Yue Chen¹, Yige Wang¹, Xiuxiu Liu¹, Kuan Lv¹, and Guolin Ma^1
1Department of Radiology, China Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China, ²Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China, ³Department of Neurology, China Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

To explore the neurofunctional change in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 patients, regional homogeneity values were analyzed from this resting-state functional magnetic imaging study. The altered brain regional homogeneity mainly appeared in the left cerebellum and right cerebrum. And positive correlations were shown between regional homogeneity values for the right cerebrum and the clinical ataxia scores.

Liuhui Wu¹, Yingqian Chen¹, Shu Su¹, Zhiyun Yang¹, Yan Dai¹, and Long Qian^2
1Diagnostic Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, ²MR Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing, China

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in school-age children, the pathogenesis is still unclear. In current study, 49 pediatric with ADHD and 51 age- and gender-matched typically developing (TD) children were included. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and graph theory approaches was used. At the global level, patients with ADHD showed increased characteristic L_p, γ, σ and decreased E_glob; regionally, altered nodal profiles were mainly in the default mode, central executive network and basal ganglia. In particular, nodal betweenness of left caudate was negatively associated with the clinical symptom severity.

shu su¹, Yingqian Chen ¹, Long Qian ², Yan Dai ¹, Zi Yan¹, Liping Lin¹, Mengsha Zou¹, Qin Zhou¹, Meina Liu¹, Hongyu Zhang¹, and Zhiyun Yang^1
1First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, guangzhou, China, ²MR Research, GE Healthcare, guangzhou, China

As the most common childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder, the pathogenesis of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is still unclear. Non-invasive neuroimaging methods open new avenues to characterize developmental changes in the human brain. Neurovascular coupling (NVC) reflects the close relationship between neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow (CBF), which provides a new mechanistic insight into developmental brain alteration. We aim to investigate the potential NVC alteration in ADHD children.

Haotian Xin¹, Hongwei Wen^2,3, Mengmeng Feng¹, Lingfei Guo⁴, and Changhu Liang^4
1Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China, ²Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Chongqing, China, ³School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, ⁴Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China

We aim to investigate functional topological brain networks changes in cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) patients with and without cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). We divided the subjects into three subgroups: CSVD with CMBs (CSVD-c), CSVD without CMBs (CSVD-n) and control. Then, we analyzed topological disruptions between groups using graph theory and related these alterations to clinical parameters. CSVD-c showed significantly altered global, nodal topological properties and disrupted distribution of hub regions, involving the default mode network (DMN), attention, sensorimotor and visual functional areas. These findings extended our understanding of neurobiological mechanisms of CSVD.

Xu yin huan¹, Zheng rui ping¹, Wei ya rui¹, Han shao qiang¹, and Zhang yan^1
1The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

This study used a novel statistical analysis-2x2 interaction effect to differentiate OCD patients from healthy controls in both adolescents and adults. We analyzed a classical index-low frequency fluctuation amplitude(ALFF) and drew a convincing conclusion that some regions had a correlation with people in different age and symptoms in OCD patients. Originally, we proposed a novel strategy of dALFF which allows estimating dynamics of intrinsic brain activity with patients. Compared to static indexes, dynamic indexes might be used as a powerful supplement differentiating patients from different age, helping us obtain a more comprehensive understanding of neural activity.

Qiannan Zhao¹ and Su Lui^1
1Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provinc, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

Clarifying brain-behavior associations in schizophrenia helps understand neurobiological mechanisms and explore biomarkers for patient stratification and cognition-targeted interventions. Sparse canonical correlation analysis (sCCA) is a method that maximizes the correlations between linear combinations of each high-dimensional data set, providing more information relative to traditional bivariate correlation analysis. In order to characterize multivariate brain-behavior associations in schizophrenia, we performed sCCA in patients at different illness stages. Disparate canonical correlations were found across FES patients and stable treated patients, involving cortical thickness and surface area contributed in each sample, consistent with their well-established differences in neurodevelopmental trajectories, genetics, and contributions to cognition.

Dandan Fan¹, Cancan He¹, Xinyi Liu¹, Feifei Zang¹, Yao Zhu¹, and Chunming Xie^1,2,3
1Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China, ²Neuropsychiatric Institute, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China, ³The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

The relationship among cerebral blood flow (CBF), functional connectivity (FC), and suicidal ideation (SI) in MDD patients has been elusive. 175 participants including 47 MDD without SI (MDDNSI), 59 MDD with SI (MDDSI), and 69 controls (HC)  underwent ASL,  resting-state fMRI scans, and completed neuropsychological tests. Results showed that CBF was increased in MDDSI patients in the bilateral precuneus. MDDSI patients exhibited enhanced  FC in the prefrontal-limbic system and decreased FC in the right precentral gyrus relative to MDDNSI patients. Mediation analyses identified that the FC could mediate the association between  CBF and behavioral performance in subgroups.

Yingying Wang¹, Jing Liu¹, Hailong Li¹, Hui Qiu¹, Yingxue Gao¹, Zilin Zhou¹, Kaili Liang¹, Weijie Bao¹, Lianqing Zhang¹, Qiyong Gong¹, and Xiaoqi Huang^1
1Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

We collected resting-state fMRI data from 115 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 127 normal controls (NC). The dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (dALFF) and dynamic regional homogeneity (dReHo) in 115 MDD patients and 127 NC were compared. Correlation analyses between dALFF and dReHo in brain regions showing significant intergroup differences and clinical scores were calculated in MDD patients. We found aberrant dALFF and dReHo in MDD patients and their significant correlations with clinical scores, suggesting the pattern of intrinsic brain activity variability might be potential tools to assess MDD patients’ severity of illness.

Hui Qiu¹, Hailong Li¹, Yingxue Gao¹, Lingxiao Cao¹, Jing Liu¹, Weijie Bao¹, Yingying Wang¹, Zilin Zhou¹, Suming Zhang¹, Mengyue Tang¹, Lianqing Zhang¹, Lu Lu¹, Xiaoqi Huang¹, and Qiyong Gong^1
1Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

Most previous studies took DMN as a whole and measured its FC abnormalities on a network level while recently, researchers revealed DMN has three subsystems (core, dMPFC and MTL subsystem). Few studies had explored FC on subsystem levels in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) MDD patients. We used seed-based whole-brain functional connectivity analysis in a relatively large sample of FEDN MDD patients, we found hyper-connectivity between DMN three subsystems and frontoparietal network as well as cerebellum network, and hypo-connectivity between dMPFC subsystem and dorsal attention network. These findings might provide a more comprehensive understanding for DMN FC changes in MDD.

Zonghao Xin¹, Yoshifumi Abe², Akihiro Kuwahata³, Kenji F. Tanaka², and Masaki Sekino^1
1Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, ²Division of Brain Sciences, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, ³Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) is a novel, non-invasive deep brain stimulation (DBS) methodology thatutilizes multiple external electric fields with amplitude modulation (AM) to stimulate deep brain regions without affectingthe superficial cortical areas. However, the clinical application of TIS is inhibited by its unproved response of the brain to the modulated stimulation. In this study, we investigated the instantaneous brain response to TIS using fMRI technique in rodents. The results demonstrated the compatibility of TIS with fMRI, as well as the feasibility of stimulating subcortical encephalic regions non-invasively and focally.

Yawara Haga^1,2,3, Junichi Hata^1,2,3,4,5, Takaaki Kaneko¹, Kei Hagiya¹, Yuji Komaki^3,4, Fumiko Seki^1,3,4, Daisuke Yoshimaru^1,3,4,5, Kanako Muta^1,2,5, Noriyuki Kishi^1,4, Takako Shirakawa², and Hideyuki Okano^1,4
1Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN CBS, Saitama, Japan, ²Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, ³Live Animal Imaging Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan, ⁴Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, ⁵Division of Regenerative Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

We identified the resting-state networks in common marmoset brains with a larger amount of rsfMRI data (60 hours). The group-ICA and single subject-ICA were performed in this study. As a results, 18 networks were detected with highly reliability. It included the default mode network, a network most likely involved with visual pathways, and the limbic network. In addition, our data suggests that the resting-state networks in marmoset may be similar to that in human and macaque monkey. Therefore, our study shows that the evaluation of the functional effects of the neurodegenerative diseases using common marmosets is highly useful.

Kanako Muta^1,2, Junichi Hata^1,2,3,4, Yawara Haga^1,3, Daisuke Yoshimaru², Kei Hagiya³, Takaaki Kaneko³, Takako Miyabe-Nishiwaki⁵, Yuji Komaki⁶, Fumiko Seki⁶, Hirotaka James Okano², and Hideyuki Okano^3,4
1Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, ²The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, ³RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan, ⁴Keio University, Tokyo, Japan, ⁵Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan, ⁶Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of midazolam on resting-state networks in common marmosets. Functional data were collected using a 9.4 T MRI system in the sedative condition with midazolam, the awake condition as a positive control, and the anesthetic condition with isoflurane as a negative control. Independent component analysis and functional connectivity analysis were performed. These results were apparently altered by isoflurane from awake condition, but not largely by midazolam. These results in midazolam were different from a previous report in humans and it may cause different effects of midazolam in human and nonhuman primates.

Linshan Xie^1,2, Xunda Wang^1,2, Teng Ma^1,2,3, Pit Shan Chong⁴, Lee Wei Lim⁴, Peng Cao³, Pek-Lan Khong³, Ed X. Wu^1,2, and Alex T. L. Leong^1,2
1Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, ²Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, ³Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, ⁴School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) plays an essential role in visual processing. There are two types of topographically segregated excitatory neurons in dLGN with different outputs to visual cortex, suggesting functional differences when processing visual inputs at the subcortical thalamic level. However, their long-range functional pathways have yet to be reported. Here, we employed optogenetics in combination with fMRI to precisely target the two subdivisions of dLGN and examine whether these two types of neurons are truly functionally diverse at the systems level to facilitate various known complex visual processing functions.