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Teddy Salan¹, Sulaiman Sheriff¹, Sameer Vyas², Deepika Aggarwal², Paramjeet Singh², and Varan Govind^1
1University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States, ²Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India

Keywords: Infectious disease, Machine Learning/Artificial Intelligence

Identifying and monitoring viral habitats of HIV in the brain is crucial to the advancement of treatment strategies for containing the infection. However, no in-vivo methods currently exist for this purpose. In this study, we demonstrate the use of a machine learning model that integrates brain measurements from MRSI, DTI, and DKI for identifying the severity and anatomical location of microstructural and metabolic abnormalities in the brain. This information may provide important clinical and diagnostic value for the treatment of people living with HIV.

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Serena Capelli¹, Anna Caroli¹, Giulio Pezzetti², Francesca Ferretti³, Paola Cinque⁴, and Simonetta Gerevini^2
1Bioengineering Department, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Ranica (BG), Italy, ²Department of Neuroradiology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy, ³Lewisham and Greenwich NHS trust, London, United Kingdom, ⁴Unit of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy

Keywords: Infectious disease, Infectious disease, HIV

This study aimed at quantitatively assessing T1-weighted, FLAIR and DWI brain alterations in 14 patients with cerebrospinal fluid HIV escape (HIV-ESC) and 7 patients with untreated HIV encephalitis (HIV-ENC), versus 11 HIV patients without neurological problems and 12 HIV-negative controls. HIV-ESC and HIV-ENC patients showed significantly higher ADC in WM and GM and increased WM FLAIR signal than the other groups. In HIV-ESC patients, the heterogeneous GM volume was negatively correlated with MRI time from infection. WM FLAIR hyperintensity in HIV-ESC and HIV-ENC patients may reflect vasogenic edema, with mass effect depending on its degree and possible underlying brain atrophy.

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Kunal Aggarwal^1,2, Yu Cong³, Ji Hyun Lee⁴, Venkatesh Mani³, Claudia Calcagno⁵, Michael R. Holbrook⁵, and Sairam Geethanath^6
1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany, ²Deptartment of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, NY, United States, ³National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States, ⁴Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States, ⁵National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, MD, United States, ⁶Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, United States

Keywords: Infectious disease, Infectious disease

Our study focuses on textural analysis of high field and low field MR images and its validation through simulation. We acquired MR images of three NHPs at 3T injected with NiV and simulated them into low field to perform texture analysis for different neuroanatomies. The low field simulation was done by changing contrast, resolution and SNR. The validation of low field simulation was performed by scanning phantom at 3T and 0.05T and passing the data though low field simulator. Results showed four out of 14 textural features had similar changes in 2 NHPs.

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Jinye Li¹, Mengxiao Liu², Linsheng Wang³, Chuanting Li³, Lixin Sun³, and Yafei Liu^4
1shangdong provincial ENT hospital, Jinan, China, ²Siemens healthineers, Shanghai, China, ³Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Jinan, China, ⁴Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, China

Keywords: Head & Neck/ENT, Head & Neck/ENT

To investigate the correlation of the EH grade and PE with clinical features in MD, we evaluated their correlations by using the cubic spline models and multivariate analysis. We found that a nonlinear or linear correlation of EH grade and SIR with duration of disease-related symptoms and hearing thresholds. Additionally, the higher duration of vertigo and LFHT were associated with a higher EH grade, as well as duration of tinnitus and vestibular EH for SIR. Consequently, the grades of EH and the extent of PE in patients with MD can be evaluated by use of some clinical features and PTA.

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Lana Bautz¹, Oluwabusayo A. Oni², Hivnu Toraman³, Olav Jansen³, Jan-Bernd Hövener¹, Naomi Larsen³, and Mariya S. Pravdivtseva^1
1Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany, Kiel, Germany, ²University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States, ³Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Kiel, Germany

Keywords: Data Analysis, Treatment, Evaluation of aneurysm treatment

Flow diverter stents are effective for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms at a  high risk of rupture. Still, complications may occur after stent implantation, so evaluation of aneurysm treatment is required. Treatment follow-up can be performed with 4D phase-contrast MRI. In this work, flow within the aneurysm and adjacent vessels with and without stent was measured with 4D flow. Strong metal artifacts were observed at the parent vessel which resulted in MRI signal voids and a 30 % reduction of measured flow. No artifacts were seen within an aneurysm sac, here flow was reduced up to 83 %.

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Byeong-Yeul Lee¹, Ji Hyun Lee², Jeffrey Solomon³, Marcelo Castro¹, Venkatesh Mani¹, Joseph Laux¹, Winston T. Chu², Matthew G. Lackemeyer¹, Jordan K. Bohannon⁴, Anna N. Honko⁵, Ian Crozier³, Jens H. Kuhn¹, and Claudia Calcagno^1
1Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States, ²Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States, ³Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States, ⁴National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Frederick, MD, United States, ⁵Boston University School of Medicine, Microbiology, Boston, MA, United States

Keywords: Infectious disease, Infectious disease

We present an optimized voxel-based morphometry magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis pipeline for non-human primate brain images, and its preliminary application in Ebola virus (EBOV)-exposed rhesus monkeys. Results suggest the optimized pipeline can detect brain morphometric changes after EBOV exposure in this model. Further analyses will be required to confirm and build upon these findings, including their implications for acute and post-acute neurological findings in human survivors. Future studies may make use of this and other optimized, voxel-based pipelines to shed further light on the role of central nervous system involvement in EBOV and other infectious diseases.

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Jia-Wei Yu¹, Rui-Ying Li¹, Xian-Ce Zhao², Shan Huang², and Deng-Ling Zhao^1
1Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, China

Keywords: Stroke, Atherosclerosis

Association between plaque characteristics, perfusion, pial collaterals (PCs) and recurrent ischemic stroke is unclear. Few analyses focus on combination of blood vessels, perfusion and PCs. In this study, 62 patients presenting with a transient ischemic attack or acute ischemic stroke caused by middle cerebral artery atherosclerosis were involved. All patients underwent the routine head MRI/MRA scan and high-resolution vessel wall imaging examinations. We performed a comprehensive assessment of plaque characteristics, perfusion and PCs. We concluded that brain perfusion and PCs are correlated with recurrence of ischemic stroke and their combination provided incremental value in identifying the recurrence of ischemic stroke.

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Sachi Okuchi¹, Yasutaka Fushimi¹, Satoshi Nakajima¹, Akihiko Sakata¹, Takuya Hinoda¹, Sayo Otani¹, Azusa Sakurama¹, Krishna Pandu Wicaksono¹, Hiroshi Tagawa¹, Yang Wang¹, Satoshi Ikeda¹, Shuichi ito¹, Miyuki Takiya¹, Kun Zhou², and Yuji Nakamoto^1
1Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, ²Siemens Shenzhen Magnetic Resonance Ltd., Shenzhen, China

Keywords: Stroke, Artifacts

TGSE-BLADE DWI has been reported to reduce geometric distortion and susceptibility artifacts, however the long acquisition time prevent its clinical application. We reduced acquisition time to 1 minute for TGSE-BLADE DWI using slice acceleration (1-min TGSE-BLADE DWI). We compared distortion and artifacts between SS-EPI DWI and 1-min TGSE-BLADE DWI, and evaluated diagnostic performance for acute infarctions of 1-min TGSE-BLADE DWI. The result shows that the 1-min TGSE-BLADE-DWI has better quality image in terms of distortion and artifacts, and higher diagnostic performance for acute infarctions. TGSE-BLADE DWI with slices acceleration is a promising method for evaluating lesions in acute stroke patients.  

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Yao Zhang¹, Shan Xu², Ruiting Zhang¹, and Peiyu Huang^2
1Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China, ²The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

Keywords: Vessels, fMRI (resting state)

Due to the insidious development of vascular degeneration, assessing subclinical vascular changes in people at high risks may aid early detection and intervention. We explored the relationship between the subclinical vascular function changes and vascular risks, vascular imaging markers, and cognition in a middle-to-old age community cohort. We found that larger vascular contractility in the intracranial arteries was related to younger age, less lacune, and better cognition. Participants with diabetes had a longer blood transit time from the ICAs to the capillary. These results suggested that subclinical vascular imaging markers were associated with brain parenchymal damage and cognitive decline.

Xing Yang¹, Ke Xue², Zhen Tian¹, Jingbo Wang¹, Yongming Dai², and Yingwei Wu^1
1Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, ²MR Collaboration, Central Research Institute, Shanghai United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China

Keywords: Head & Neck/ENT, DSC & DCE Perfusion

Evaluating the heterogeneous characteristics and lymph node metastasis status of the tumor would be of importance to stratify patients to have the individually tailored management. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of pixel-by-pixel TIC method in evaluating tumor heterogeneity and predicting histological tumor grade and LNM in tongue SCC. We found that the pixel-by-pixel TIC analysis approach allowed the detection of the internal heterogeneity of the whole tumor. Ratio of Type 2 TIC pattern would facilitate the distinction of SCCs with different histological grades and LNM status, implying its tremendous potential in tumors with high heterogeneity.

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Hangzhi Liu¹, Xinyan Wang¹, Chen Zhang², Thorsten Feiweier³, Xiaohong Chen⁴, and Junfang Xian^1
1Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, Beijing, China, ²MR collaborations, Siemens Healthcare, Beijing, China, Beijing, China, ³Siemens Healthcare GmbH,Neurology Applications Development, Erlangen, Germany, Erlangen, Germany, ⁴Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China, Beijing, China

Keywords: Head & Neck/ENT, Head & Neck/ENT

This study investigated the feasibility of IMPULSED(Imaging Microstructural Parameters Using Limited Spectrally Edited Diffusion) to evaluate cell microstructure of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The results showed that mean cell diameter, extracellular diffusion coefficient and intracellular volume fraction are 9.47±3.33 µm,1.95±1.04μm²/ms and 0.23±0.14% respectively and consistent with the previous pathological reports. Patients with cervical lymph node metastases had significantly smaller mean cell diameters than those without metastases. Mean cell diameter decreased with increasing cycles of immunotherapy. This suggests that IMPULSED  can quantitatively characterize cell properties of tumor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients.

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Nan Wang ¹, Lijun Wang¹, Lizhi Xie², and Ailian Liu^1
1Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²GE Healthcare, MR Research China, Beijing, China

Keywords: Sparse & Low-Rank Models, Cancer

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignancy in Southeast Asia. In this study, we explore the correlation between the quantitative parameters derived from dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (DCE-MRI) of NPC with Ki-67 index. Results showed that the Ktrans mean was positively correlated with Ki-67. The Ktrans mean value was significantly higher in cases with a high Ki-67 status than in those with a low Ki-67 status (AUC 0.8519), and the cutoff value, sensitivity, and specificity was 0.479, 77.78%, and 100%, respectively, suggesting the Ktrans parameter of DCE-MRI has the most utility in distinguishing between high and low Ki-67 levels.

Xing Tang¹ and Anqi Chen^1
1Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China

Keywords: Head & Neck/ENT, Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum (CLOCCs) is a rare clinical-imaging syndrome, which is difficult to differentiate from acute ischemic infarction of the splenium of the corpus callosum (AII-SCC) by conventional MRI, DWI and ADC value. In this study, a novel relative ADC (rADC) value was proposed. Results showed that the rADC value of CLOCCs is significantly lower than that of AII-SCC, which Indicated that rADC value may have the potential to distinguish these two diseases.

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Melanie Bauer^1,2, Celine Berger^1,2, Eva Scheurer^1,2, and Claudia Lenz^1,2
1Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Basel, Switzerland, ²Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Basel, Health Department Basel-Stadt, Basel, Switzerland

Keywords: Head & Neck/ENT, Diffusion/other diffusion imaging techniques

Performing intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) magnetic resonance imaging offers the possibility to differentiate various diffusion processes according to their varying molecule speeds. In this study, the IVIM parameters perfusion fraction, diffusion and pseudo-diffusion were determined in the human brain for 12 post mortem in situ and 2 in vivo cases. Our results show that the IVIM parameters decrease after death and that they are higher in gray matter than in white matter. Besides, the age at death, the core temperature of the subjects and the post mortem interval have an effect on the post mortem IVIM parameters.

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Dayna L. Richter^1,2, Samuel Holder^1,2, Harrison D Craythorne², and Samuel Colles Grant^1,2
1National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States, ²Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, United States

Keywords: Neuroinflammation, Spectroscopy, Relaxation-enhanced spectroscopy, lactate, total creatine

 Previous examinations of the nitroglycerin (NTG)-based central sensitization, a chemical model of migraine, in the Sprague-Dawley model revealed increases in thalamic lactate signal. This held across sexes, albeit at different strengths. To investigate the potential source of any sex differences, estradiol deprivation is examined using ¹H relaxation-enhanced spectroscopy localized to the thalamus. While the same energetic deprivation is seen, estradiol deprivation had negligible impact on the thalamic metabolic profile under NTG. Further examinations under alternate modalities are needed.

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Ken Sakaie¹, Jagjit Sidhu¹, Kedar Mahajan^2,3, Kunio Nakamura⁴, Daniel Ontaneda², Bruce Trapp³, Mark J. Lowe¹, Stephen Jones¹, and Emmanuel Obusez^1
1Imaging Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States, ²Mellen Center, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States, ³Neurosciences, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States, ⁴Biomedical Engineering, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States

Keywords: Multiple Sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis

Treatment options for progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) are limited and the lack of sensitive and specific MRI biomarkers is a major hurdle in therapeutic development. A number of pathophysiological processes are repeatedly found on histology but are difficult to identify accurately on MRI. Ultra-high spatial resolution MRI of intact ex vivo brain promises to help bridge the gap between MRI and pathology. We demonstrate progress towards visualizing potential biomarkers for progressive MS.

Cuilin Yin¹, Jingjing Bai¹, Ningning Ding¹, Kai Ai², and Jian Yang^1
1The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Xi'an, China

Keywords: Head & Neck/ENT, Diffusion/other diffusion imaging techniques, Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, turbo spin-echo diffusion weighted imaging

This study explored the feasibility of TSE-DWI in inner ear and determined the diagnostic accuracy and interobserver performance of TSE-DWI in BPPV. The method is to evaluate the difference of ADC values between benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) patients and healthy controls. Our research shows that The ADC values of semicircular canal in the BPPV patients (affected side) were higher than that of the contralateral ear. Moderate diagnostic accuracy of DWI was seen in the diagnosis of BPPV. Therefore, we consider that the TSE-DWI derived ADC value may represent promising novel imaging markers of inner ear disease.

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Yi-Fang Wu¹, Vincent Chin-Hung Chen^2,3, Yuan-Hsiung Tsai^2,4, and Jun-Cheng Weng^1,3,5
1Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, and Department of Artificial Intelligence, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ²School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ³Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, ⁴Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, ⁵Medical Imaging Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan

Keywords: Neuroinflammation, Cancer

Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer might impact cognitive function and brain structure. In this study, we investigated the cerebral microstructural changes in breast cancer survivors after adjuvant chemotherapy and the correlation with cognitive function with longitudinal study designs. The results showed brain volume reduction in thefrontal and temporal regions were also observed in patients from baseline to postchemotherapy. An association between brain volume and cognitive performance was also found in the limbic system. According to our findings, the study was useful in developing a prediction model as well as a guide for cancer treatment.

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Jiaying Mo¹, Hai Lin², Yongming Dai², Xiangliang Tan¹, and Yikai Xu^1
1Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, ²MR Collaboration, Central Research Institute, United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China

Keywords: Head & Neck/ENT, Brain, Systemic lupus erythematosus

Quantitative MRI can measure a variety of physiological tissue parameters, such as longitudinal T1 value, transverse T2 value and proton density, iron content and fat content. We applied an advanced multi-parametric MR imaging technique of MULTIPLEX that provides the maps of T1, T2*, proton density and quantitative susceptibility mapping, to investigate the brain abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We found that the MULTIPLEX could provide comprehensive and quantitative assessment of SLE-related regions captured in multiple MRI parameters, which might assist in our understanding of the neuropathological mechanism of SLE.