View Presentation Video

Tae Kim¹ and Peter J Gianaros^2
1Radiology&Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, ²Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, Hypertension

Pulsatility derived from the BOLD signal was used to assess the relationship of pulsatility damping in different sized cerebral arterial vessels across levels of blood pressure.  Individuals with higher blood pressure exhibit reduced cerebrovascular compliance, and less damping of BOLD pulsatility among these individuals may be a potential indicator of cerebrovascular pathogenesis.

Chaofan Sui¹, Hongwei Wen², Shengpei Wang³, Mengmeng Feng⁴, Haotian Xin⁴, Yian Gao¹, Jing Li⁵, Lingfei Guo¹, and Changhu Liang^1
1Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China, ²Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education); School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, ³Research Center for Brain-inspired Intelligence Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, ⁴Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China, ⁵Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Bijing, China

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, White Matter

To characterize white matter (WM) microstructural abnormalities in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) coexisting with cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and to further investigate the exact mechanism by which CMBs influence cognitive decline in patients with CSVD at the group and individual levels. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) images from 49 CSVD patients with CMBs (CSVD-c), 114 CSVD patients without CMBs (CSVD-n), and 83 controls were analyzed using DTI-derived tract-based spatial statistics to detect WM diffusion changes among groups.

Chuanying Shi¹, Peng Wu², Jixin Luan³, and Xiance Zhao^2
1Radiology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Shang Hai, China, ³China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Bei Jing, China

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, Diffusion/other diffusion imaging techniques, voxel-wise tract-based spatial statistics

White matter (WM) changes play an important role in the progression of multiple system atrophy cerebellar type (MSA-C), and doctors need an imaging marker to grade the WM alterations. We observed different WM alterations between MSA-C patients with unclear “hot cross bun” sign (HCBs) and patients with complete HCBs, using NODDI, analyzed by TBSS. Compared with healthy controls, patients with complete HCBs showed broader different regions of intracellular volume fraction (ICVF) than ones with unclear HCBs, and meanwhile, difference of orientation dispersion index (ODI) and isotropic volume fraction (ISOVF) were only shown in complete HCBs ones. Difference of ICVF between patients with unclear and complete HCBs was also obvious. All of these findings indicated HCBs might be an imaging marker to assess the WM changes in MSA patients.

View Presentation Video

Yue Xing^1,2,3, Stefan Pszczolkowski¹, Saadnah Naidu^1,2,3, Tayyib Hayat^1,2,3,4, Jonathan Evans⁴, Christophe R Tench^1,3, Schwarz T Stefan^1,2,5, and Dorothee P Auer^1,2,3
1Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ²Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ³NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ⁴Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ⁵Department of Radiology, Cardiff and Vale University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, Neurodegeneration, clinical uncertain Parkinsonism, NM-MRI

Brain dopamine transporter SPECT imaging is routinely used to assess striatal dopaminergic deficit in the differentiation of essential tremor from degenerative parkinsonism in clinically uncertain parkinsonism (CUP). Neuromelanin (NM)-MRI detects nigral depigmentation with good diagnostic accuracy in confirmed Parkinson’s Disease; but its diagnostic value in CUP is unclear. Using voxel-based analysis following optimised automatic registration, we investigated the topography of NM loss in CUP, and show that voxels that best discriminate between non-neurodegenerative and neurodegenerative CUP are co-located in the dorsolateral substantia nigra. 

View Presentation Video

Luigi Lorenzini¹, Alessio Maranzano², Lyduine E Collij¹, Carole H Sudre³, Robin Wolz⁴, Sven Haller⁵, Kaj Blennow⁶, Giovanni B Frisoni⁷, Pierre Payoux⁸, Pablo Lage-Martinez⁹, Michael Ewers ¹⁰, Gael Chatelat¹¹, Adam Waldman ¹², Joanna Wardlaw ¹², Nick Fox ¹³, Craig Ritchie ¹⁴, Philip Scheltens ¹⁵, Pieter Jelle Visser ¹⁵, Alle Meije Wink ¹, Henk JMM Mutsaerts ¹, Juan Domingo Gispert ¹⁶, Silvia Ingala ¹, and Frederik Barkhof^1
1Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands, ²Department of Neurology-Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS - Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, “Dino Ferrari” Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy, Milan, Italy, ³MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK, London, United Kingdom, ⁴IXICO, London, United Kingdom, ⁵CIRD Centre d’Imagerie Rive Droite, Geneva, Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland, ⁶Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden, ⁷University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, ⁸Department of Nuclear Medicine, Toulouse CHU, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France, ⁹Centro de Investigación y Terapias Avanzadas, Neurología, CITA‐Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian, Spain, ¹⁰German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, Munich, Germany, ¹¹Université de Normandie, Unicaen, Inserm, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood-and-Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, 14000, Caen, France, ¹²Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, ¹³Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom, ¹⁴Centre for Dementia Prevention, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, ¹⁵Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands, ¹⁶Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer's Disease, Cerebrovascular, radiological

Evidence suggests that cardiovascular risk factors and cerebrovascular disease contribute to the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathophysiology. It is still unclear to what extent vascular and amyloid pathology have a synergistic or independent influence in preclinical AD stages. We used structural equation models in a cohort of cognitively unimpaired individuals to investigate if cerebrovascular pathology mediates the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and CSF Aβ1-42, and show that cerebrovascular pathology accelerates downstream AD markers (p-Tau181 and hippocampal volume) by increasing amyloid pathology. 

View Presentation Video

Mingrui Qu¹, Bingbing Gao¹, Yuhan Jiang¹, Yuan Li¹, Lizhi Xie², and Yanwei Miao^1
1The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²GE Healthcare, Shanghai, China

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, Psychiatric Disorders

Depression is the most frequent psychiatric disorder in Parkinson's disease (PD). Amygdala pathology has been suggested to contribute to some clinical features of PD, including deficits of olfaction and mood disorders. We aimed to more accurately measure alterations in the volume of each amygdala nucleus in Parkinson's disease with depression (DPD) patients. Then the volume of each specific amygdala nucleus would be associated with the severity of depressive symptoms. This study showed that DPD patients had multiple amygdala subregions atrophy. The bilateral lateral amygdala and left accessory basal nucleus were negatively correlated with the severity of depression in DPD patients.

View Presentation Video

Haiying Lyu¹, Qing Li², Yufei Huang¹, and Yong Lu^3
1Radiology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, ²MR Collaborations, Siemens Healthineers Ltd., Shanghai, China, ³Ruijin Hospital / Luwan Branch Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, Magnetization transfer, Multiple system atrophy

The magnetic transfer (MT) MRI imaging has long been used for quantifying neuromelanin containing nucleus, but its ability of quantifying the magnetization exchange between free water and macromolecules has also allowed its potential usage in detecting white matter changes. Patients with multiple system atrophy has unique pathological changes in pontocerebellar regions. In this study, we have not only found significant increase of MT contrast in MCP regions of MSA, but also proved significant correlation between this alteration and brainstem or cerebellar atrophy, which might offer new insights for future studies.

View Presentation Video

Guocheng Jiang¹, Jennifer S Rabin^2,3,4,5, Walter Swardfager^2,6, Hugo Cogo-Moreira⁷, and Bradley J MacIntosh^1,8
1Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, ²Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, ³Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada, ⁴Department of Medicine Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada, ⁵Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, ⁶Department of pharmacology and toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, ⁷Department of Education, ICT and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway, ⁸Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, fMRI, Structural MRI

We aim to study structural and functional changes over time with a focus on the thalamus and hippocampus regions of interest. Longitudinal analysis was performed in N=274 UK Biobank participants. We find strong correlations between the baseline and follow-up MRI readouts. Namely, it is possible to predict thalamus and hippocampus volume changes across a mean of 2.25 years using baseline volume and resting state functional activation estimates. This work helps characterizing the longitudinal consistencies within both hippocampal and thalamic MR readouts and helps setting up prediction models as the next step.

View Presentation Video

Shin-Lei Peng¹, Sheng-Min Huang², and Chun-Chieh Chan^1
1Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ²Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Women undergoing hysterectomy with oophorectomy have an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. However, postoperative neuroimaging data on pathogenic processes in the brain are limited. This study was aimed to investigate the potential effect of ovariohysterectomy on brain integrity in the rat model using diffusion tensor imaging technique. Compared to the control group, the ovariohysterectomy group showed significantly lower fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum, bilateral striatum, and bilateral cortex, suggesting neuronal injury in ovariohysterectomized rats. Therefore, neuroimaging should be performed to monitor brain alterations in women after hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy in clinical settings.

Jing Zhang¹, Yali Zhao¹, Yuan Yang², and Hongyu Wu^1
1Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, ²Neurology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, China

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Involvement of the visual pathway in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been demonstrated. However, the exact damage mechanisms such as how the changes in the distinct parts of the anterior visual pathway (AVP) are still poorly understood and remain highly controversial. We observed altered RNFL, fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity and relative anisotropy of AVP by the multimodal use of optical coherence tomography and DTI in ALS individuals compared to the controls. Our findings shed light on the dynamic pathophysiological effects on the morphology of the AVP and the potential association between microstructural damage to the AVP and executive function. 

View Presentation Video

Simon Laganiere¹, Mark A Halko², Luis Sierra³, Clementina Ullman³, Karen Hildebrand³, Magdaline Mwangi³, Julia Dierker³, Samuel Frank¹, Kaitlin Toal³, and Sheeba Anteraper^4
1Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, ²McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States, ³Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States, ⁴Stephens Family Clinical Research Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, United States

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, fMRI (resting state), Huntington disease, striatum, data-driven multi-voxel pattern analysis

Huntington disease (HD) is a progressive, autosomal dominant disease caused by a pathological expansion of CAG repeats in the HTT gene^1,2. A clinical diagnosis of HD is made at the appearance of unequivocal motor signs. However, in the “premanifest” stage, due to slowly progressive neurodegenerative changes^1,2, subtle motor, psychiatric and cognitive decline occurs many years prior to diagnosis³. The sequelae of neural circuit dysfunction remains unclear. Improving our mechanistic understanding of functional brain connectivity alterations prior to disease manifestation will help identify sensitive biomarkers of disease progression^1,4–6. Data-driven analysis of high-quality functional magnetic resonance imaging data will guide such efforts.

Xiaoyu Wang¹ and Xin Lou^1
1Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, MR-Guided Interventions, MRgFUS

This is the first study to assess magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) VIM thalamotomy on gray matter (GM) volume in tremor-dominant Parkinson’s disease (PD). MRgFUS has good efficacy and safety in the treatment of PD. We used three methods to extract specific GM volumes of nine PD patients before and after treatment for calculating their difference and correlation analysis. We found that the specific GM regions may predict tremor responses in PD after thalamotomy, and the results help to better understand the distant effect of MRgFUS thalamotomy and the involvement of GM in tremor control in PD.

View Presentation Video

Rotem Iris Orad^1,2,3, Moran Artzi^1,2,4, Noa Bregman^2,3, Anat Mirelman^2,4,5, Avner Thaler^2,4,5, Amgad Droby^2,4,5, Orly Goldstein⁶, Mali Gana-Weisz⁶, Netanell Avisdris¹, Avi Orr-Urterger^2,4,6, Nir Giladi^2,3,4,5,6,7, Tamara Shiner^2,3,4,7, and Dafna Ben Bashat^1,2,4
1Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, ²Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, ³Center for Cognitive Neurology Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, ⁴Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, ⁵Laboratory of Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, ⁶The Genomic Research Laboratory for Neurodegeneration, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, ⁷Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, Genetics, Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Reduced neuromelanin-MRI signal and volume are known in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, changes in neuromelanin-MRI with Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and whether there are genotype-related differences are unknown. In this study, we showed reduced neuromelanin signal and volume in patients with DLB compared to healthy controls. Yet, no differences were detected between genotype groups: DLB with and without GBA mutation. Results may suggest the same pathomechanism underlying DLB, PD and other neurodegenerative parkinsonian syndromes, with depletion of neuromelanin within the substantia nigra. 

View Presentation Video

Ji Won Bang¹, Carlos Parra¹, Kevin Yu¹, Gadi Wollstein^1,2,3, Joel S Schuman^1,2,3,4, and Kevin C Chan^1,2,3,4,5
1Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States, ²Center for Neural Science, College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States, ³Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States, ⁴Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States, ⁵Department of Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, Brain

Glaucoma is an age-related neurodegenerative disease of the visual system. Although increasing number of studies indicated its widespread involvements of the eye and the brain, very little is known about the underlying metabolic mechanisms. Thus, here we investigated the GABAergic and glutamatergic systems in the visual cortex of glaucoma patients, as well as neural specificity. Our study demonstrated that glaucoma is accompanied by the reduction of GABA and glutamate in the visual cortex. Further, the reduction of GABA but not glutamate predicted neural specificity. This suggests that GABA loss in the visual cortex degrades the neural specificity in glaucoma.

View Presentation Video

Zhaoyuan Gong¹, Murat Bilgel², Matthew Kiely¹, Curtis Triebswetter¹, Luigi Ferrucci³, Susan M. Resnick², Richard G. Spencer¹, and Mustapha Bouhrara^1
1Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States, ²Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States, ³Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, Aging, Myelin

Myelin plays an essential role in the normal functioning of the central nervous system. However, how myelination influences longitudinal changes in cognitive performance, especially in cognitively normal (CN) individuals, remains unclear. Using a linear mixed-effects regression analysis, we examined the association between myelin content and changes in cognitive domain scores obtained over several years prior to the time of the MRI scan. We demonstrated strong and statistically significant relationships between myelin content and the rates of change in cognitive performance in several white matter regions. These findings highlight the importance of white matter, specifically myelin integrity, in cognitive functioning.

View Presentation Video

Kirsten Kapteijns¹, Teije van Prooije¹, Jack JA van Asten², Marcel Verbeek¹, Bart van de Warrenburg¹, and Tom WJ Scheenen^2
1Neurology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands, ²Medical Imaging, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, Spectroscopy, Single Voxel Spectroscopy

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 is a rare, progressive movement disorder primarily affecting the cerebellum and closely connected brain regions. We assessed the dynamics of MR biomarkers and their utility as progression and/or predictive biomarkers in SCA1. SCA1 patients showed an altered neurochemical profile when compared to controls. Additionally, we measured a lower volume of affected regions in patients, clearly distinguishing  them from controls. Altered volume correlated strongest with clinical scores, confirming the potential to use MR-markers to monitor SCA1 progression. Furthermore, MRS markers correlated with consequent change in volumetric measures, showing preliminary evidence for their predictive value in SCA1.

Jinghan Zhao¹, YangYingqiu Liu¹, wei Du¹, Yuhan Jiang¹, Peng Sun², Weiwei Wang¹, and Yanwei Miao^1
1The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, Diabetes, small vessel diseases (CSVD)、cognition、freesurfer

The objective of this study was to explore the changes of cortical thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the correlation between the thinning cerebral regions and cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVD) burden. The thickness of the left medial orbitofrontal cortex was negatively correlated with the centrum semi-ovale enlarged perivascular space (CSO-EPVS) score and CSVD total burden score. The thickness of the left lateral occipital cortex was negatively correlated with CSO-EPVS score, basal ganglia enlarged perivascular space (BG-EPVS) score, and CSVD total burden score, and positively correlated with mini-mental state examination (MMSE) delayed memory score.

View Presentation Video

Gergely David¹, Alice Motovylyak², Felix Schlegel³, Zsofia Kovacs³, Matthew Budde⁴, Christian Kündig¹, Jan Klohs^3,5, and Patrick Freund^1,6,7
1Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, ²Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States, ³Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, ⁴Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Clement J Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States, ⁵Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, ⁶Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany, ⁷Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Keywords: Neurodegeneration, Trauma

MRI has been widely used to investigate the structural damage after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). While most small animal studies have focused on the injury site, remote SCI-related damage along the neuraxis has received less attention. Here, we demonstrate that ex vivo diffusion MRI and cross-sectional area measurements are sensitive to remote neurodegeneration in a rat contusion SCI model, showing gray matter and dorsal column atrophy alongside decreased fractional anisotropy in the dorsal columns several spinal levels rostral to the injury epicenter. Imaging findings were consistent with SMI32 immunohistochemistry with axonal degeneration mostly concentrated in the dorsal column.

View Presentation Video

Wei Chuang¹, Vincent Chin-Hung Chen^2,3, Yuan-Hsiung Tsai^2,4, and Jun-Cheng Weng^1,3,5
1Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, and Department of Artificial Intelligence, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ²School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ³Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, ⁴Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, ⁵Medical Imaging Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan

Keywords: Brain Connectivity, Diffusion/other diffusion imaging techniques

In 2020, breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer and has the highest incident rate in women worldwide. The extensively used adjuvant chemotherapy might have detrimental effect on human brain and results in chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CICI) in breast cancer patients. The present study performed longitudinal design, aiming to investigate the microstructural and macroscale white matter alterations by generalized q-sampling imaging (GQI). Our results suggested that the patients had changes in local white matter integrity and network performance in DAN before treatment and frontal lobe connection after treatment.