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Akiko Uematsu¹, Makoto Fukushima¹, Junich Hata², Ayako Murayama¹, Noriyuki Kishi³, Takuya Hayashi¹, and Hideyuki Okano^3,4
1RIKEN, Hyogo, Japan, ²Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, ³RIKEN, Saitama, Japan, ⁴Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

Keywords: Normal development, Animals

“The soul of a child of three is the same at 100” may be also true among all the primates. Here, we delineate the robust value changes of T1w, T2w, and DTI metrics for the first 2 to 3 months after birth in common marmoset brain. Different temporal changes across brain regions were found by Fixel-based analysis, suggesting that different neuronal contributors of age-related structural changes. Integrating multi-modal MRI images provided more detailed insight of tissue property changes especially through development as compared with a single-modal image analysis. 

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Megan Hall^1,2, Kathleen Colford¹, Daniel Cromb¹, Priya Jandu³, Alison Ho^1,2, Anthony Price¹, Lucy Chappell², Mary Rutherford^1,4, Lisa Story^1,2, Pablo Lamata⁴, and Jana Hutter^1,4
1Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ²Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ³GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ⁴Centre for Medical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

Keywords: Fetal, Fetus, Placenta; hypertension; clinical translation

Maternal cardiac, placental and fetal brain anatomical and functional MRI was obtained in 63 pregnancies, including 12 with pre-eclampsia. In pregnancies affected by pre-eclampsia, placental T2* was  significantly reduced compared to normal pregnancy. All women with placental histopathological anomalies consistent with pre-eclampsia showed a reduced placental T2*. Fetal brain T2* was significantly lower in women with pre-eclampsia than those without, although brain volume was maintained. In women with pre-eclampsia, reduced fetal brain T2* was associated with middle cerebral artery Doppler abnormalities. Cardiac work was increased in women with pre-eclampsia.

Christiaan Marius de Bloeme¹, Sabien van Elst¹, Sophia Göricke², Pim de Graaf¹, and Marcus Christiaan de Jong^1
1Radiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands, ²Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

Keywords: Tumors, Tumor, optic nerve invasion; quantitative; pediatric; prediction; metastases;

Two radiologists with different levels of experience measured the anterior optic nerve to predict postlaminar optic nerve invasion (PLONI) in retinoblastoma. In addition, quantitative measurements were performed using a deep-learning method 3D U-net. The results showed that measurements performed by the radiologists had an AUC of 0.88 for the detection of PLONI, while the preliminary results of the quantitative approach had an AUC of 0.63. Both methods show promising results to predict early-stage PLONI in retinoblastoma patients.

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Marissa DiPiero^1,2, Patrik Goncalves Rodrigues², Hassan Cordash², Jose Guerrero Gonzalez², Richard J. Davidson^3,4,5, Andrew Alexander^2,3,6, and Douglas C. Dean III^2,6,7
1Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ³Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁴Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁵Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁶Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁷Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States

Keywords: Neuro, Gray Matter

The brain’s cytoarchitecture undergoes highly dynamic morphological changes during early life that establish the brain’s structural and functional framework and lays the foundation for future cognitive and behavioral skills. While differences in early cortical organization are thought to subserve future behavioral and psychiatric challenges, little is known regarding cortical organization in early life. For the first time, we adapt the NODDI-GBSS framework for the infant brain while keeping the data in its native diffusion space. We show feasibility for cortical skeletonization and show relationships with age across the GM microstructure within the first month of life.

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Lydia Y Cho^1,2,3, Tiffany K Bell^1,2,3, Kate J Godfrey^1,2,3, Andrew D Hershey^4,5, Jonathan Kuziek^2,3,6, Mehak Stokoe^1,2,3, Kayla Millar^1,2,3, Serena L Orr^2,3,6, and Ashley D Harris^1,2,3
1Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, ²Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, ³Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, ⁴Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States, ⁵Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States, ⁶Departments of Pediatrics, Community Health Sciences, and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

Keywords: Neuro, Spectroscopy, Migraine

Migraine is a common neurological disorder in pediatrics, yet the pathophysiology remains unclear. Migraine is characterized by episodic attacks, suggesting a shifting excitation-inhibition imbalance that when tipped, will trigger an attack. We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations to examine changes in these brain metabolites across different phases of the migraine attack in children and adolescents. We show fluctuations in glutamate with migraine cycle phases in the visual cortex. There were no observed changes in glutamate nor GABA in the sensorimotor cortex and the thalamus.

Jose Guerrero-Gonzalez¹, Gregory Kirk², Rasmus Birn¹, Erin Bigler³, Katherine Bowen⁴, Aimee Broman⁵, Bedda Rosario⁶, Warwick Butt⁷, Sue Beers⁸, Michael Bell⁹, Peter Ferrazzano¹⁰, and Andrew Alexander^1
1Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ³Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States, ⁴Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States, ⁵Biostatistics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁶Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, ⁷Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia, ⁸Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, ⁹Pediatrics, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States, ¹⁰Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States

Keywords: Neuro, Traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury in adolescents is a major public health concern, leading to tens of thousands of hospitalizations in the U.S. each year. Our study aims to identify multimodality imaging biomarkers of long-term neurocognitive outcome after severe adolescent TBI. For this investigation we explored memory performance using the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) in relation to structural and functional connectivity of the memory network, as well as hippocampal volume and fornix microstructure.

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Silvia Maria Marchese¹, Fulvia Palesi², Mariagrazia Bruzzone³, Anna Nigri³, Chiara Maria Pantaleoni⁴, Claudia AM Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott^2,5,6, Stefano D'Arrigo⁴, Egidio D'Angelo^2,6, and Paolo Cavallari^1
1Human Physiology Section of the DePT, Università degli Studi, Milano, Italy, ²Department of Brain and Behavioral Science, Università degli Studi, Pavia, Italy, ³Neuroradiology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", Milano, Italy, ⁴Developmental Neurology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", Milano, Italy, ⁵Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, London, United Kingdom, ⁶Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy

Keywords: Neuro, Brain Connectivity, Ataxia

For the first time, brain networks of pediatric cerebellar ataxic patients were characterized in order to explain the different postural motor behavior of subjects suffering from non-progressive and slow-progressive illness. This work revealed volume differences in several cerebellar regions and specific alterations of white matter tracts. This result reinforces the hypothesis of the existence of a compensatory strategy which may involve cortical areas and basal ganglia to compensate for cerebellar deficits.

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Di Zhou¹, Ting Hua¹, Xiance Zhao², and Guangyu Tang^1
1Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, China

Keywords: Neuro, fMRI (resting state)

MRI is an important tool available to detect brain functional and structural abnormalities of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients. In this study, we found that children with ASD have increased changes in structure and both increased and decreased changes in function in the brain, which suggests that there may be some underlying pathogenic mechanism in the brain of ASD. With the combination of brain structural and functional analysis can provide a new imaging perspective for understanding the neural mechanism of ASD.

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Ruth O'Gorman Tuura¹, Melanie Ehrler², Nadja Naef², Alenka Schmid², Felicitas Koch², Fraser Callaghan¹, Oliver Kretschmar³, and Beatrice Latal^2
1University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, ²Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, ³Cardiology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Keywords: Neuro, Segmentation

Reduced hippocampal volumes are associated with working memory impairments in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). However, the volumes of individual hippocampal subfields are largely unexplored in the context of different working memory domains in CHD. In 57 children with complex CHD and 82 age-matched control children, the CHD group showed smaller hippocampal subvolumes, particularly for the hippocampal tail, and poorer verbal and spatial working memory scores, which were differentially related to the hippocampal subvolumes. In addition, hippocampal volumes in cyanotic CHD were significantly smaller than in acyanotic CHD, supporting the link between hypoxia, hippocampal damage, and memory impairment.

Dong Liu¹, Wenzhi Lv², Weiyin Vivian Liu³, and Wenzhen Zhu^1
1Department of Radiology, Tongji Hosptial ofTongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, ²Department of Artificial Intelligence,, Julei Technology Company, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China, Wuhan, China, ³MR Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing 100176, China, Beijing, China

Keywords: Adolescents, Pediatric, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

we report for a low-cost and rapid radiomics model based on MRI data in evaluation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis activation in children.  In our study, radiomics model base on CUBE T1WI showed good prediction of HPG axis activation with the AUC of 0.84 in the training set and 0.81 in the test set. The AUC of the radiomics model was higher than that of aPV and aPH in the training set. In results of DCA analysis, radiomics signature showed higher net benefit than aPV and aPH models.The MRI radiomics model may serve as a noninvasive predictor of HPG axis activation.

Kun Liu¹, Xiao-Yan Huang¹, Lu Han², and Zhi-Han Yan^1
1Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, China

Keywords: Neuro, Diabetes, children, cognition, fMRI

It is unclear whether brain activity and functional connectivity (FC) will change in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) children. We investigated brain activity and FC changes in new-onset T1DM children based on fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and seed-based FC analysis. We found that children with new-onset T1DM showed changed fALFF values and FCs in several brain regions. Changed fALFF values were correlated with intelligence quotient (IQ) and blood glucose level. These results suggest that altered brain spontaneous activity and FC in initial-stage T1DM patients may be the potential mechanisms of subsequent visual impairment and cognitive dysfunction.

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Zeynep Vardar¹, Anna Kuhn¹, Jean M. Johnston², Precilla D'Souza², Maria T. Acosta², Cynthia J. Tifft², and Mohammed Salman Shazeeb^1
1University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States, ²National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States

Keywords: Rare disease, Rare disease

GM1-gangliosidosis is a rare heritable lysosomal storage disorder caused by accumulation of GM1-ganglioside due to deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme b-galactosidase required for sphingolipid degradation. Progressive accumulation of GM1-ganglioside in the central nervous system induces hypomyelination that results in progressive neurodegeneration. This study used differential tractography in 11 type II GM1 patients to assess longitudinal white matter tract changes using fractional anisotropy (FA) in different regions of the brain in late-infantile and juvenile patients. FA decrease was observed predominantly in the corpus callosum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, and cingulum in supratentorial white matter structures, demonstrating the utility of differential tractography.

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Rosanne Govaarts¹, Nathalie Doorenweerd^1,2,3, Emma M Broek¹, Maud E Tamsma¹, Itamar Ronen¹, Chloé F Najac¹, Kieren Hollingsworth³, Erik H Niks¹, Volker Straub^2,3, and Hermien Kan^1
1Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands, ²Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom, ³Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom

Keywords: Neuro, Spectroscopy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Besides motor impairment, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients experience cognitive and behavioural symptoms. Altered white matter microstructure has been shown with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in this population. Here, we combined single volume ¹H diffusion-weighted spectroscopy (DWS) and DTI to disentangle intra- and extracellular contributions. Mean apparent diffusion coefficients of N-acetyl aspartate, choline, and creatine were comparable between DMD patients and healthy controls. In the same volume, DMD patients showed increased mean water diffusivity. This suggests that altered white matter microstructure is likely due to extracellular, rather than intracellular, changes.

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Daniel Spielman¹, Meng Gu², Hunter Liu¹, Shie-Chau Liu², Ralph Hurd², Kirk Riemer³, Kenichi Okamura³, and Frank Hanley^3
1Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States, ²Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States, ³Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States

Keywords: Neonatal, Spectroscopy, brain, cardiopulmonary bypass, neuronal injury, surgery

Brain injury remains an ongoing concern for patients requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery. Observations in a neonatal pig model of build-up of blood ammonia levels may be a significant unrecognized source of metabolic stress in these surgeries. Ammonia entering the brain upon restarting the CPB pump appears highly correlated with the level of hypothermia and glutamine/glutamate appears highly correlated with brain lactate levels. These changes are also strongly dependent on the choice of surgical parameters such the use of deep hypothermia cardiac arrest (whereby all blood flow is stopped) versus antegrade cerebral perfusion (whereby brain blood flow is maintained).

Di Zhou¹, Ting Hua¹, Xiance Zhao², and Guangyu Tang^1
1Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, China

Keywords: Neuro, fMRI (resting state)

MRI is an important tool available to detect brain functional and structural abnormalities of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients. In this study, we combined fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and neuroimages to follow-up and explore the change in functional activity in children with ASD. The combination of FMT and MRI can provide a new imaging perspective for understanding the neural mechanism of gut microbiota in ASD.

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Divya Ramakrishnan¹, Marc von Reppert², Sarah C Bruningk³, Fatima Memon¹, Mark Krycia¹, Matthew Sala¹, Ryan Bahar¹, Anahita Fathi Kazerooni⁴, Ali Nabavizadeh⁴, Annette Molinaro⁵, Daphne Haas-Kogan⁶, Theodore Nicolaides⁷, Sabine Mueller⁵, Michael Prados⁵, and Mariam Aboian^1
1Department of Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States, ²University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, ³ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, ⁴Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ⁵Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States, ⁶Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, ⁷NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States

Keywords: Neuro, Tumor, Volumetrics

Accurate response assessment is critical in pediatric low-grade glioma (pLGG) as there is significant morbidity associated with continued treatment. Current standards for assessment rely on 2D measurements. Given the heterogenous nature of pLGG, volumetric assessment of treatment response may prove more effective. In this study, we compared 2D and volumetric methods of assessing treatment response in patients from the PNOC-002 clinical trial of pLGG. We analyzed the quantitative differences between 2D and volumetric measurements of tumor volume percent change post-treatment. We also compared classification of treatment response based on application of RANO criteria to various pLGG tumor components.

Jane Manalo¹, Andrea M Griesinger², Jenna Steiner¹, Angela Pierce², Nicholas K Foreman³, and Natalie Julie Serkova^4
1Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, United States, ²Pediatric Neurooncology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, United States, ³Pediatric Hematology Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States, ⁴Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Denver, CO, United States

Keywords: Cancer, Animals, cell size imaging

At 2022 ISMRM, we presented on  simulation results of the selective size imaging using filters via diffusion times (SSIFT) in perfused irradiated cells and flank xenograft models. Here, using SSIFT and iron-oxide vessel-size imaging, we report on ependymoma (EPN) phenotypes, comparing small and large intracranial lesions: variable cell sizes fitted into SSIFT iAUC (S=14 microns small EPN, S=19 medium and S=12 large), increased vessel density index (Q=0.54 small, Q=0.62 large EPN), and low ADC (0.63x10^-3 small, 0.58x10^-3 mm2/s large EPN). Chemo-radiation treatment led to decreased gross tumor volumes, necrosis with decreased cell sizes and increased ADCs.

Jose Guerrero-Gonzalez¹, Jothi Venkatesh², Peter Ferrazzano³, and Andrew Alexander^1
1Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Department of Physics, The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, ³Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States

Keywords: Neuro, Traumatic brain injury, Precision Medicine

Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) is a voxel-based analysis (VBA) method for diffusion MRI (dMRI) data along a skelentonized representation of the brain white matter. When applied to group-level analyses of dMRI data, TBSS has been shown to improve sensitivity, objectivity, and interpretability. In this work, we introduce individual-specific tract-based spatial statistics for anomaly detection in white matter micro-structure. Results from implementation on severe pediatric TBI brains reveal heterogenous patterns of atypical white matter. 

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Nuri Chung¹, Ana Rodriguez-Soto², Sanjeet Hegde³, Eleanor L. Schuchardt³, Brent M. Gordon³, Ileen Cronin³, and Francisco Contijoch^1,2
1Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States, ²Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States, ³Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, Heart Institute, San Diego, CA, United States

Keywords: Cardiovascular, Heart

Adaptive k-space sampling (ARKS) enables real-time multi-shot imaging by quickly finding data acquired during similar cardiac phases1. In this study, we used pediatric physiologic signals to simulate ARKS and extended the approach to incorporate respiratory gating and enable free breathing acquisition. Respiratory gating was performed by cross-correlating the recent respiratory signal with previously acquired values. A correlation cutoff was used to select similar periods. As expected, higher correlation cutoffs led to lower acceptance rates. For a search period of 32 beats, respiratory gating with a correlation cutoff of 0.5 identified 6 heartbeats for multi-beat imaging.
 

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Athanasia Kaika¹, Luca Nagel¹, Ulrike Höckendorf², Geoffrey J. Topping¹, Irina Beer³, Frits H. A. van Heijster¹, Philipp J. Jost^4,5, Natalia P. Ivleva³, and Franz Schilling^1
1School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany, ²School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Medicine III, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany, ³Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Institute of Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany, ⁴Chair of Clinical Division of Oncology Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria, ⁵Chair of University Palliative Care Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

Keywords: Diffusion/other diffusion imaging techniques, Microstructure, FEXSY, FEXI, exchange, water transmembrane permeability, cell death

Filter exchange spectroscopy (FEXSY) and imaging (FEXI) were used to measure apparent exchange rate (AXR) in acute myeloid leukemia cells undergoing apoptosis, necroptosis, or necrosis. Sensitivity of AXR to membrane permeabilization in vitro, while ADC was stable, were confirmed by Annexin V/PI staining and by scanning electron microscopy of microstructural leaks upon necrosis. AXR of murine EL4 lymphoma showed negative and positive correlation with ADC and malate/fumarate ratio, respectively. Tumor H&E histological analyses show clusters of diffuse necrosis in the solid tumor region, which likely contribute to high AXR and MFR variation while ADC is still low.

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Richard James Adams¹, Pew-Thian Yap², and Dan Ma^1
1Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States, ²Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States

Keywords: Neuro, Segmentation, Atlas-Free

Brain segmentation is challenging in infants, as rapid changes to tissue properties and shapes during developmental growth make atlas-based modeling difficult. We use MRF-derived image features and density-based clustering to segment 2D brain slices from subjects without assumptions about subject age, brain shape, or image intensity. Segmentations from the proposed method closely match SPM without needing different atlases for subjects of varying ages. With flexible assumptions about the number of tissues present in an image, the proposed method identifies additional tissues such as CSF partial volume voxels and neonatal myelination that are not segmented by atlas-based approaches.

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Marie Drottar¹, Claire E Manley², Lotfi B Merabet^2,3, and Corinna Bauer^1,3
1Lab for Neuroimaging and Vision Science, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging at Mass General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, ²Schepens Eye Research Institute,Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, United States, ³Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

Keywords: Neuro, Brain Connectivity, multimodal

This study investigated the relationship between structural and functional disconnectivity of the dorsal and ventral attention networks and performance on a visual conjunction search task in individuals with early developmental brain injury (EDBI). Individuals with EDBI performed significantly worse than controls on the conjunction search task, as indicated by increased mean search time, higher y-intercept, and increased search time as a function of task difficulty (i.e. steeper slope). Each of these behavioural outcomes was positively correlated with connectivity measures in the dorsal and ventral attention networks, suggesting that aberrant functional and structural connectivity may underlie the observed visual search impairments. 

Hui LIhong¹, Lin Liangjie², Cui Linfei², Yan Chenyu¹, Wei Wenjin¹, Zhang Yong¹, and Meng Yun^1
1The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, ²Clinical and Technical Support, Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China

Keywords: Prenatal, Pediatric

 In this study, Infants with a history of encephalopathy at born and normal infants were performed the advanced J-edited 1H MR spectroscopy technique (MEGA-PRESS) for observing the changing of excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance of the infants. The results showed significantly difference in Glx [Cr] concentrations between the two groups, and loss of excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance in infants with a history of encephalopathy. The changing of excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance can partial explain the underlying metabolic mechanism.

Lei Du¹, Fang Ye², and Bing Liu^1
1Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China, ²Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

Keywords: Normal development, Neuro, autism spectrum disorder, Gesell Developmental Schedules, Autism Behavior Checklist, iron, child

To investigate potential correlations between the susceptibility values of certain brain regions and the severity of disease or neurodevelopmental status in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). 18 ASD children and 15 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. 11 brain regions as regions of interest. Pearson and Spearman partial correlation analysis was used to depict the correlations between the susceptibility values, the ABC scores, and the GDS scores in ASD group. We found that the susceptibility value of the right globus pallidus was positively correlated with the GDS-fine motor scale score.

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Marie Drottar¹, Yansong Zhao², and Corinna Bauer^1
1Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, ²Philips Healthcare, Cambridge, MA, United States

Keywords: Neuro, White Matter, relaxometry

This study used myelin water fraction (MWF) and geometric mean T2 time of the intra- and extra-cellular water fraction (IET2) derived from a multi-spin echo sequence with compressed sensing (METRICS)2, as well as T1 mapping derived from MP1RAGE to evaluate the long-term changes in myelination and white matter integrity in youths with neonatal brain injury. We observed significant differences in T1 values and IET2 of the normal appearing white matter, but not in the white matter lesions in a population of young adults with neonatal brain injury compared to controls.

Shin-Eui Park¹, Eric J. Mallack¹, Yi Wang¹, Thanh D. Nguyen¹, and Zungho Zun^1
1Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States

Keywords: Neonatal, Quantitative Susceptibility mapping

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is an emerging technique and may be utilized to assess neurodevelopmental disabilities characterized by insufficient iron content and myelination. In this study, a total of 23 full-term and 12 preterm newborns were studied using QSM. Compared to full-term, mean regional susceptibility of preterm newborns was significantly higher in the parietal white matter and was significantly lower in the frontal gray matter. This may be indicative of a regional deficit in iron deposition and myelination of the preterm newborn brain, and suggest that QSM may be used to identify early evidence of impaired neurodevelopment.

Shuangyu Li¹, Xin Zhao¹, Lin Lu¹, Jinxia Guo², Qingna Xing¹, Yongbing Sun³, Desheng Xuan¹, and Xiaoan Zhang^1
1Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, ²GE Healthcare, MR Research China, Beijing, China, ³Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China

Keywords: Neuro, Neuroscience

Quantitative T1/T2 relaxometry can be simultaneously generated from Synthetic MRI (SyMRI) in one single scanning and short time. This study aims to use SyMRI to evaluate the brain structural changes in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and the correlation between T1/T2 and ASD scores, as well as the diagnostic efficacy. We found that Synthetic T1 and T2 could be helpful for brain abnormity assessing, pathophysiological mechanism understanding and diagnosis of ASD.

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Manoj Kumar¹, Chandrakanta Hiremath², Eshita Bansal², Sunil Kumar Khokhar², Kommu Johnvijay Sagar³, Swetha Narayanan⁴, Akhila S. Girimaji⁵, BK Yamini⁵, Rose Dawn Bharath², Jitender Saini², and M. Thamos Kishore^4
1Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India, ²Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India, ³Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India, ⁴Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India, ⁵Speech pathology and Audiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India

Keywords: Neonatal, Neonatal, Neurodevelopmental disorders, ASD

Neuroimaging methods comparing individuals with ASD and healthy-controls posited a distinction in various cerebellar regions; including arrested growth of posterior vermis and reduced gray matter in right Crus I, and lobule VIII and IX. Younger cohorts of ASD, ASD-siblings, and healthy-children demonstrates volumetric differences in cerebellar lobules and look for correlation with neurodevelopmental measures. Multiple cerebellar lobules demonstrate abnormal volumes in ASD compared to ASD-sibling and healthy controls, including Vermis, dentate, and lobule I-V. Lobular volumes were also significantly correlates with social quotient, language, and cognition measures in ASD. 

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Alice Thomson^1,2, Duanghathai Pasanta¹, Hannah Hwa¹, Tomoki Arichi^2,3, Richard Edden⁴, Xiaoqian Chai⁵, and Nicolaas Puts^1,2
1Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ²MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ³Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ⁴Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, ⁵Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Keywords: Normal development, Spectroscopy, GABA, Normative, metabolites, childhood, adolescence, adult

We characterised the normative lifespan trajectories of brain neurometabolites, as measured by ¹H-Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) from the posterior parietal cortex across 100 individuals (aged 5-40 yrs). Glutamate + glutamine (Glx), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA+) and glutathione (GSH) showed non-linear trajectories, decreasing steeply in childhood/adolescence before a gradual, significant, decline across early adulthood. Results suggest age associated changes in brain composition may contribute to the observed trajectories. Importantly, a non-linear regression modelling approach was found to be more appropriate for neurometabolite trajectories than a linear regression model and should be considered in future to prevent simplification of data trends.

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Iris Obdeijn¹, Evita Wiegers¹, Sabine Plasschaert², Kim van de Ven³, Dennis Klomp¹, Hans Hoogduin¹, Maarten Lequin^1,2, and Jannie Wijnen^1
1Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands, ²Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Princess Maxima Center for pediatric oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands, ³BIU MR, Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherlands

Keywords: Neuro, CEST & MT

APTw imaging has shown promising applications in diagnosing adult brain tumors. However, pediatric brain tumors differ from their adult counterparts in terms of clinical, biological, and radiological appearance. Therefore, we investigated if and how APTw imaging can be used in clinical-decision making in pediatric neuro-oncology. First, we showed the repeatability of APTw maps, allowing longitudinal assessment. Then APTw imaging was evaluated in eleven children with a brain tumor. APTw values are higher in pediatric brain tumors compared to normal-appearing white matter. Unlike studies in adults, APTw values were not significant different between low-grade glioma and high-grade glioma in these children.

shu su¹, Yingqian Chen ¹, Long Qian ², Yan Dai ¹, Liping Lin¹, and Zhiyun Yang^1
1First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, guangzhou, China, ²GE Healthcare, guangzhou, China

Keywords: Neuro, Quantitative Susceptibility mapping

Application of magnetic susceptibility have been consistently demonstrated in the subcortical gray matter of ADHD children, but some uncertainties remain concerning the underlying neurobiological processes. We applied quantitative susceptibility mapping and synthetic magnetic resonance imaging (SyMRI) to clarify the relative contribution of iron and myelin changes to deep gray matter changes in ADHD. We found that the iron and myelin concentration of these subcortical structures in ADHD were delayed in the developmental trajectory, which suggested that ADHD may be characterized by a delay in subcortical maturation and dysfunction in dopaminergic transmission.